ArticlePsychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity2022
Gender Variations, Generational Effects, and Mental Health of Transgender People in Relation to Timing and Status of Gender Identity Milestones.
Article in Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Syndemic Pattern of Sexualized Drug Use and Mental Distress Among Trans Women/Khawaja Siras in Pakistan: Results From a Multicentric Latent Class Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Descriptive intersectional analyses of mental health outcomes for transgender and non-binary people: a conditional inference tree approach.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- An Application of the Pantheoretical Framework of Dehumanization to Understanding Self-Injury Among Trans Young People: A Systematic Review.Transgender health · 2026Review
- Milestones, revisited: Iterative and nonlinear identity development in Gen-Z.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2026Article
- The Impact of Birth Year on the Coming Out Process for Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals from Austria.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Exploring problems Dutch transgender and gender diverse people experience during transition.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Heterogeneity in Protective Factors as a Buffer for Unique Risk Factors and Daily Smoking Among Transgender Adults.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Generational Differences in Sexual Health Education Experiences Among LGBTQ+ Adolescents and Adults: Findings from a U.S. National Probability Sample.Journal of sex research · 2025Article
- The Role of Supportive and Unsupportive Family Behaviors in the Mental Health of Transgender and Nonbinary Young Adults.Transgender health · 2025Article
- Sexual Identity Development Milestones, Latent Profiles, and Proximal Minority Stressors in Australia's Generation Z.Psychological science · 2025Article
- Neurodivergence, Minority Stress, and Tobacco Use in a Sample of US Sexual and Gender Minoritized Young Adults.Substance use & addiction journal · 2025Article
- Stability and Change in Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Across Childhood and Adolescence.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · 2025Article
- Validation in Spanish and English of the Transgender Inclusive Behavior Scale.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- The timing of sexual identity development milestones: Disentangling age from cohort influences.Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity · 2024Article
- Controlling Partner Dynamics in Transgender/Nonbinary Young Adults' Romantic Relationships: Exploring the Roles of Cissexism-Related Beliefs and Material-Need Insecurity.Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity · 2024Article
- Trajectories of Gender Identity and Depressive Symptoms in Youths.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Mental health of gender minority older adults in the United States: A systematic review.Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity · 2024Article
- "I feel like I'm living the authenticity of my being": gender identity developmental trajectories of trans youth in Portugal.International journal of transgender health · 2024Article
- Coming out as trans: parental support mediates mental health effects.International journal of transgender health · 2024Article
- Age Trends in Bias-Based Bullying and Mental Health by Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people commonly report the following gender identity milestones: feeling different about their gender than expectations for their sex assigned at birth, identifying as TGD, living in their affirmed gender, and, for some, accessing gender-affirming medical care. We explored the average ages of reaching these milestones and variations across gender groups and generational cohorts. We also examined how gender groups, generational cohorts, and endorsement of reaching each of the milestones related to minority stress variables and mental health. This online study included 695 TGD individuals ages 16-73. Boomers+ and Generation X groups were more likely to identify as trans women compared to the younger generational cohorts, who were more varied in their identities. Trans women had later ages of starting to live in their affirmed gender and receiving gender affirming medical care compared to other gender groups. The Boomers+ cohort reported later ages for the milestones compared to other generational cohorts. And, finally, younger generational cohorts had higher levels of internalized stigma, anxiety, and depression, compared to the older cohorts. Gender congruence emerged as a consistent predictor of mental health in the full sample and within each generational cohort. There are important generational differences across identity milestones, minority stress, and mental health that need exploration in future longitudinal research. In addition, beyond the effects of milestone timing, reporting feelings of congruence with one's gender identity is an important consideration for mental health.
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Registered trials
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