ArticleNature communications2022
Heterogenous humoral and cellular immune responses with distinct trajectories post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population-based cohort.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Vaccine Candidates Against Major Fish Pathogens (Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Variable selection for prediction models of Omicron infection: Insights from two population-based cohort studies.Diagnostic and prognostic research · 2026Article
- Prospective multicentre study of upper respiratory mucosal transcriptomics reveals two major endotypes of critically ill COVID-19 patients.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Mobility-driven synthetic contact matrices as a scalable solution for real-time pandemic response modeling.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Association of plasma ferritin and plasma iron at time of vaccination with the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a longitudinal cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Humoral response dynamics following inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and their association with subsequent infection and symptoms in individuals with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection: evidence from Sichuan Province, China.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Article
- Stability of cytokine and immunoglobulin concentrations in the general population: prepandemic basal concentrations and intraindividual changes until the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Assessing the Value of T cell Monitoring in the General Population of Children and Adolescents - Insights From the Ciao Corona Cohort Study.International journal of public health · 2025Observational
- Prepandemic levels of cytokines and immunoglobulins and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in the general population of Barcelona.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- T Cell Peptide Prediction, Immune Response, and Host-Pathogen Relationship in Vaccinated and Recovered from Mild COVID-19 Subjects.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Analysis of the immune response using FTIR spectroscopy in mothers and their newborns with different vaccination schemes for COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 cellular and humoral responses in vaccine-naive individuals during the first two waves of COVID-19 infections in the southern region of The Netherlands: a cross-sectional population-based study.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Multiple Sclerosis Onset before and after COVID-19 Vaccination: Can HLA Haplotype Be Determinant?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Silent battles: immune responses in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- Measurement of IFN-γ and IL-2 for the assessment of the cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Persistent humoral immune response in youth throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: prospective school-based cohort study.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Establishing SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein-specific antibodies as a valuable serological target via high-content microscopy.iScience · 2023Article
- Article
- Individual blood concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and chemical elements, and COVID-19: A prospective cohort study in Barcelona.Environmental research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To better understand the development of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity over time, a detailed evaluation of humoral and cellular responses is required. Here, we characterize anti-Spike (S) IgA and IgG in a representative population-based cohort of 431 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals up to 217 days after diagnosis, demonstrating that 85% develop and maintain anti-S responses. In a subsample of 64 participants, we further assess anti-Nucleocapsid (N) IgG, neutralizing antibody activity, and T cell responses to Membrane (M), N, and S proteins. In contrast to S-specific antibody responses, anti-N IgG levels decline substantially over time and neutralizing activity toward Delta and Omicron variants is low to non-existent within just weeks of Wildtype SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus-specific T cells are detectable in most participants, albeit more variable than antibody responses. Cluster analyses of the co-evolution of antibody and T cell responses within individuals identify five distinct trajectories characterized by specific immune patterns and clinical factors. These findings demonstrate the relevant heterogeneity in humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 while also identifying consistent patterns where antibody and T cell responses may work in a compensatory manner to provide protection.
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