ArticlePloS one2022
Gender norms and women's empowerment as barriers to facility birth: A population-based cross-sectional study in 26 Nigerian states using the World Values Survey.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of COVID-19 outcomes with measures of institutional and interpersonal trust: an ecological analysis using national data from 61 countries.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Gendered Social Norms, Exceptions, and Sanctions: Implications for Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition in Nigeria.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Attitudes toward sexual and reproductive health and rights and their associations with reproductive agency: a population-based cross-sectional study in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zimbabwe.Sexual and reproductive health matters · 2024Article
- Support for sexual and reproductive health and rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: a new index based on World Values Survey data.Reproductive health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCentral and western Africa struggle with the world's lowest regional proportion of facility birth at 57%. The aim of the current study was to compare beliefs related to maternal health care services, science/technology, gender norms, and empowerment in states with high vs. low proportions of facility birth in Nigeria.
methodsFace-to-face interviews were performed as part of a nationally representative survey in Nigeria using a new module to measure values and beliefs related to gender and sexual and reproductive health and rights collected as part the 2018 World Values Survey. We compared beliefs related to maternal health care services, science/technology, gender norms, and empowerment between Nigerian states with facility birth proportions > 50% vs. < 25% as presented in the 2018 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey report. Pearson's chi-squared test, the independent t-test, and univariable and multivariable logistic and linear regression were used for analyses. Results were also stratified by gender.
resultsAmong the 1,273 participants interviewed, 653 resided in states with high and 360 resided in states with low proportions of facility birth. There were no significant differences between the groups in perceived safety of facility birth (96% vs. 94%) and confidence in antenatal care (91% vs 94%). However, in states with low proportions of facility birth, participants had higher confidence in traditional birth attendants (61% vs. 39%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.1, [1.5-2.8]), men were more often perceived as the ones deciding whether a woman should give birth at a clinic (56% vs. 29%, aOR 2.4 [1.8-3.3]), and participants experienced less freedom over their own lives (56% vs. 72%, aOR 0.56 [0.41-0.76]). Most differences in responses between men and women were not statistically significant.
conclusionsIn order to increase facility births in Nigeria and other similar contexts, transforming gender norms and increasing women's empowerment is key.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.