ArticleEnvironmental research2022
Blood cadmium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium levels in American Indian populations: The Strong Heart Study.
Article in Environmental research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental Exposures and Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in Vulnerable Youth: The Example of American Indian/Alaska Native Populations.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- Association Between Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia in Pregnancy and Cord Blood Levels of Cadmium, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, and Selenium.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Air Pollution Levels in American Indian Communities in the Great Plains and Southwest: The Strong Heart Study.Atmospheric pollution research · 2026Article
- Metals and metalloids concentrations in adults aged 50 and older from Mexico.Research square · 2025Article
- Environmental Risk in American Indian Children, Including Cardiovascular and Hematologic Consequences of Cadmium Exposure: Possible Means of Mitigation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- Urinary selenium, cranial MRI, and cognitive function in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Trust and subjective knowledge influence perceived risk of lead exposure.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2024Article
- The Contribution of Declines in Blood Lead Levels to Reductions in Blood Pressure Levels: Longitudinal Evidence in the Strong Heart Family Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Toxic metal mixtures in private well water and increased risk for preterm birth in North Carolina.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2023Article
- Selenium Status: Its Interactions with Dietary Mercury Exposure and Implications in Human Health.Nutrients · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMany American Indian (AI) communities are in areas affected by environmental contamination, such as toxic metals. However, studies assessing exposures in AI communities are limited. We measured blood metals in AI communities to assess historical exposure and identify participant characteristics associated with these levels in the Strong Heart Study (SHS) cohort.
methodArchived blood specimens collected from participants (n = 2014, all participants were 50 years of age and older) in Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota during SHS Phase-III (1998-1999) were analyzed for cadmium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium using inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. We conducted descriptive analyses for the entire cohort and stratified by selected subgroups, including selected demographics, health behaviors, income, waist circumference, and body mass index. Bivariate associations were conducted to examine associations between blood metal levels and selected socio-demographic and behavioral covariates. Finally, multivariate regression models were used to assess the best model fit that predicted blood metal levels.
findingsAll elements were detected in 100% of study participants, with the exception of mercury (detected in 73% of participants). The SHS population had higher levels of blood cadmium and manganese than the general U.S. population 50 years and older. The median blood mercury in the SHS cohort was at about 30% of the U.S. reference population, potentially due to low fish consumption. Participants in North Dakota and South Dakota had the highest blood cadmium, lead, manganese, and selenium, and the lowest total mercury levels, even after adjusting for covariates. In addition, each of the blood metals was associated with selected demographic, behavioral, income, and/or weight-related factors in multivariate models. These findings will help guide the tribes to develop education, outreach, and strategies to reduce harmful exposures and increase beneficial nutrient intake in these AI communities.
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