ArticleClinical & experimental optometry2023
Changes in tear glucose and insulin concentrations following an oral glucose tolerance test.
Article in Clinical & experimental optometry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanomaterial-enabled smart contact lenses: bridging sensing, therapy, and theranostics for next-generation ocular healthcare.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
clinical relevanceTear glucose and insulin are responsible for the health of the ocular surface; thus, it is important for clinicians to detect the tear glucose and insulin using point-of-care methods.
aimTo determine if changes in blood glucose and insulin levels following an oral glucose tolerance test are reflected in the tears and to test the association between gene expression and tear insulin and glucose.
methodsTwenty healthy young adults were enrolled. Basal tears and peripheral blood samples were collected to assess glucose and insulin using a point-of-care glucometer and ELISA assays in fasted subjects, and 1.5 and 3 h after an oral glucose challenge. Conjunctival impression cytology was collected to determine gene expression of insulin receptor (INSR) and glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT4). Changes were examined using non-parametric one-way ANOVA. Spearman tests were conducted to examine associations between variables.
resultsGlucose and insulin levels increased 1.5 h after oral glucose in both blood (
conclusionTear glucose reflected blood glucose levels but this correspondence was not observed for insulin. Further studies are required to determine the role of glucose and insulin on the ocular surface in both health and diabetes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.