ArticlePloS one2022
Rural-urban outcome differences associated with COVID-19 hospitalizations in North Carolina.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Features of the land use and COVID-19 cases and deaths in urban and land counties in Poland throughout the pandemic: a machine learning approach.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Vaccine Information by County Characteristics in North Carolina.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Social vulnerability and spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality: Global implications for respiratory health equity.PloS one · 2026Article
- Rural-Urban Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Associated Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in the United States.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Equivalent Disease-Specific Survival Between Rural and Urban Osteosarcoma Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of the SEER Database.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Article
- Before the wave: Exploring early perspectives on COVID-19 self-testing among African Americans in Eastern North Carolina.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Rural-urban Differences in Long-term Mortality and Readmission Following COVID-19 Hospitalization, 2020 to 2023.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Rural-Urban Disparities in Hospital Admissions and Mortality Among Patients with COVID-19: Evidence from South Carolina from 2021 to 2022.Journal of community health · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccination willingness and uptake among rural Black/African American, Latino, and White adults.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2023Article
- Age differences in Allostatic Load among adults in the United States by rural-urban residence.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Using wastewater to overcome health disparities among rural residents.Geoforum; journal of physical, human, and regional geosciences · 2023Article
- Monthly excess mortality across counties in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic, March 2020 to February 2022.Science advances · 2023Article
- Geographic heterogeneity of the epidemiological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy using a socioeconomic proxy-based classification of the national territory.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Monthly excess mortality across counties in the United States during the Covid-19 pandemic, March 2020 to February 2022.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2022Article
- Reach and Impact of In-Person and Remote Delivery Formats of Walk with Ease.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
People living in rural regions in the United States face more health challenges than their non-rural counterparts which could put them at additional risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Few studies have examined if rurality is associated with additional mortality risk among those hospitalized for COVID-19. We studied a retrospective cohort of 3,991 people hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infections discharged between March 1 and September 30, 2020 in one of 17 hospitals in North Carolina that collaborate as a clinical data research network. Patient demographics, comorbidities, symptoms and laboratory data were examined. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations of rurality with a composite outcome of death/hospice discharge. Comorbidities were more common in the rural patient population as were the number of comorbidities per patient. Overall, 505 patients died prior to discharge and 63 patients were discharged to hospice. Among rural patients, 16.5% died or were discharged to hospice vs. 13.3% in the urban cohort resulting in greater odds of death/hospice discharge (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1, 1.6). This estimate decreased minimally when adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, payer, disease comorbidities, presenting oxygen levels and cytokine levels (adjusted model OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0, 1.5). This analysis demonstrated a higher COVID-19 mortality risk among rural residents of NC. Implementing policy changes may mitigate such disparities going forward.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.