ArticleAnnals of intensive care2022
A stratification strategy to predict secondary infection in critical illness-induced immune dysfunction: the REALIST score.
Article in Annals of intensive care, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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24 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Pre-transplant whole blood transcriptomic profiling identifies mRNAs linked to cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction as candidate predictors of clinical outcomes after liver transplantation: an exploratory study.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2026Article
- Perioperative immune trajectories in severe scoliosis surgery: a retrospective study of 2,736 patients undergoing corrective surgery for severe scoliosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Nano-Enabled Microfluidic Platforms for Functional Immunomonitoring in Pediatric Sepsis.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Do diabetes and poor control of acute stress-related hyperglycemia increase the risk of ICU-acquired infections? A retrospective assessment in patients with septic shock.Annals of intensive care · 2025Article
- Elderly individuals exhibit dysregulated monocyte responses to viral immune complexes compared to adults and children.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Advocating for the recognition of underlying immunosuppression in critical illness.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Review
- An international observational study validating gene-expression sepsis immune subgroups.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Observational
- Considering local immunity for innovative immunomodulatory approaches: pulmonary sepsis as a use case.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Monitoring Immune Dysfunction in Critically Ill Patients with Carbapenem-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Integrated clustering of multiple immune marker trajectories reveals different immunotypes in severely injured patients.Critical care (London, England) · 2024Article
- ICU-acquired infections in immunocompromised patients.Intensive care medicine · 2024Review
- A clinical guide to assess the immune response to sepsis: from bench to bedside.Critical care science · 2024Article
- Whole blood ratio ofFrontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- A Multicentric Observational Study to Determine Myocardial Injury in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia (sCAP).Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Identification of a sub-group of critically ill patients with high risk of intensive care unit-acquired infections and poor clinical course using a transcriptomic score.Critical care (London, England) · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough multiple individual immune parameters have been demonstrated to predict the occurrence of secondary infection after critical illness, significant questions remain with regards to the selection, timing and clinical utility of such immune monitoring tests. RESEARCH QUESTION: As a sub-study of the REALISM study, the REALIST score was developed as a pragmatic approach to help clinicians better identify and stratify patients at high risk for secondary infection, using a simple set of relatively available and technically robust biomarkers. STUDY DESIGN AND
methodsThis is a sub-study of a single-centre prospective cohort study of immune profiling in critically ill adults admitted after severe trauma, major surgery or sepsis/septic shock. For the REALIST score, five immune parameters were pre-emptively selected based on their clinical applicability and technical robustness. Predictive power of different parameters and combinations of parameters was assessed. The main outcome of interest was the occurrence of secondary infection within 30 days.
resultsAfter excluding statistically redundant and poorly predictive parameters, three parameters remained in the REALIST score: mHLA-DR, percentage of immature (CD10
interpretationWe derived and presented the REALIST score, a simple and pragmatic stratification strategy which provides clinicians with a clear assessment of the immune status of their patients. This new tool could help optimize care of these individuals and could contribute in designing future trials of immune stimulation strategies.
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