ArticleClinical chemistry and laboratory medicine2022
Reference ranges for GDF-15, and risk factors associated with GDF-15, in a large general population cohort.
Article in Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) in Paediatric Disease: A Systematic Review.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2025Pooled it
- Recent approaches in the sensing strategy for the detection of cardiovascular disease biomarkers.RSC advances · 2026Review
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15 and Histology-Defined Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis in Severe Obesity Undergoing Bariatric Surgery.Obesity surgery · 2026Observational
- Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Prognostic Value and Barriers to Clinical Implementation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Novel Endocrine Signaling Axis in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: Interactions and Therapeutic Potential of FGF21 and GDF15.Journal of cellular biochemistry · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial stress markers associate with phenotypic variability in Fabry disease.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Article
- Baseline Plasma Growth-differentiation Factor 15 and Recovery of Physical Function Following Total Knee Replacement in the Study of Physical Resilience and Aging.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Article
- Plasma level of human epididymis protein 4 is associated with risk of future venous thromboembolism-the Trøndelag Health study.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2026Article
- Investigating the role of serum NfL, FGF21, NCAM1 and GDF15 as disease biomarkers for Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Role of GDF-15 in Heart Failure and Biomarker Potential-From Basic Science to Clinical Praxis.Biology · 2026Review
- Circulating GDF15 and HbA1c Response to Add-On Exenatide Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis from a Multicenter Trial.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Growth differentiation factor-15 improves long-term mortality risk prediction beyond the GRACE 2.0 score after acute coronary syndrome.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prioritizing Therapeutic Targets for Interstitial Lung Disease: A Causal Mediation Analysis.Research square · 2026Article
- Growth differentiation factor 15: from stress response to clinical utility in chronic liver diseases.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as an Emerging Biomarker in Cardiology: Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15) as a modulator of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis: insights from a 6-year retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory functions of growth differentiation factor 15 in skin aging and inflammatory dermatoses.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A cohort study of growth differentiating factor - 15 (GDF-15) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as biomarkers of healthy aging in older adults living with HIV.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Insomnia accelerates the epigenetic clocks in older adults.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Mitochondrial DNA Deletions and Plasma GDF-15 Protein Levels Are Linked to Hormonal Dysregulation and Multi-Organ Involvement in Female Reproductive Endocrine Disorders.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesGrowth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is attracting interest as a biomarker in several areas of medicine. We aimed to evaluate the reference range for GDF-15 in a general population, and to explore demographics, classical cardiovascular disease risk factors, and other cardiac biomarkers associated with GDF-15.
methodsGDF-15 was measured in serum from 19,462 individuals in the Generation Scotland Scottish Family Health Study. Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with GDF-15 were tested using adjusted linear regression. Among 18,507 participants with no heart disease, heart failure, or stroke, and not pregnant, reference ranges (median and 97.5th centiles) were derived by decade age bands and sex.
resultsAmong males in the reference range population, median (97.5th centile) GDF-15 concentration at age <30 years was 537 (1,135) pg/mL, rising to 931 (2,492) pg/mL at 50-59 years, and 2,152 (5,972) pg/mL at ≥80 years. In females, median GDF-15 at age <30 years was 628 (2,195) pg/mL, 881 (2,323) pg/mL at 50-59 years, and 1847 (6,830) pg/mL at ≥80 years. Among those known to be pregnant, median GDF-15 was 19,311 pg/mL. After adjustment, GDF-15 was higher in participants with adverse cardiovascular risk factors, including current smoking (+26.1%), those with previous heart disease (+12.7%), stroke (+17.1%), heart failure (+25.3%), and particularly diabetes (+60.2%). GDF-15 had positive associations with cardiac biomarkers cardiac troponin I, cardiac troponin T, and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).
conclusionsThese data define reference ranges for GDF-15 for comparison in future studies, and identify potentially confounding risk factors and mediators to be considered in interpreting GDF-15 concentrations.
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