ArticleMedical physics2022
Spectral calibration of photon-counting detectors at high photon flux.
Article in Medical physics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Understanding Photon-Counting CT: Physics, Detector Technology, and Image Reconstructions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Experimental investigation of metal artifact reduction using one-step spectral CT reconstruction.Medical physics · 2026Article
- Seeing the invisible: practical strategies to maximize the clinical impact of photon-counting CT in abdominal imaging.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2026Review
- Joint Temporal and Spectral Processing for Improved Digital Subtraction Angiography Using Photon-Counting Detectors.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2025Article
- Framework for evaluating photon-counting detectors under pile-up conditions.Journal of medical imaging (Bellingham, Wash.) · 2024Article
- Approaches, advantages, and challenges to photon counting detector and multi-energy CT.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2024Review
- Dual energy CT reconstruction using the constrained one step spectral image reconstruction algorithm.Medical physics · 2024Article
- [A comprehensive review on photon-counting computed tomography: Principles, technical hurdles and analysis of clinical applications].Sheng wu yi xue gong cheng xue za zhi = Journal of biomedical engineering = Shengwu yixue gongchengxue zazhi · 2023Review
- Constrained one-step material decomposition reconstruction of head CT data from a silicon photon-counting prototype.Medical physics · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCalibration of photon-counting detectors (PCDs) is necessary for quantitatively accurate spectral computed tomography (CT), but the calibration process can be complicated by nonlinear flux-dependent physical factors such as pulse pile-up. PURPOSE: This work develops a method for spectral sensitivity calibration of a PCD-based spectral CT system that incorporates nonlinear flux dependence and can thus be employed at high photon flux.
methodsA calibration model for the spectral response and polynomial flux dependence is proposed, which incorporates prior x-ray source spectrum and PCD models and that has a small set of parameters for adjusting to the spectral CT system of interest. The model parameters are determined by fitting transmission data from a known object of known composition: a step-wedge phantom composed of different thicknesses of aluminum, a bone equivalent, and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a soft-tissue equivalent. This fitting employs Tikhonov regularization, and the regularization strength and the polynomial order for the intensity modeling are determined by bias and variance analysis. The spectral calibration and nonlinear intensity correction is validated on transmission measurements through a third material, Teflon, at different x-ray photon flux levels.
resultsThe nonlinear intensity dependence is determined to be accurately accounted for with a third-order polynomial. The calibrated spectral CT model accurately predicts Teflon transmission to within 1% for flux levels up to 50% of the detector maximum.
conclusionsThe proposed PCD calibration method enables accurate physical modeling necessary for quantitative imaging in spectral CT. Furthermore, the model applies to high flux settings so that acquisition times will not be limited by restricting the spectral CT system to low flux levels.
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