ArticleScientific reports2022
Smoking and microvascular free flap perfusion in head and neck reconstruction: radial free forearm flaps and anterolateral thigh flaps.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Obese Patients Undergoing Implant-based Breast Reconstruction: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2026Article
- Risks of free flap reconstruction amongst smoking patients: a NSQIP analysis of 4653 patients from 2010 to 2021.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Perforator Versus Non-perforator Flap for Perineal Reconstruction: Long-Term Comparison of Complications and Quality of Life.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Short-Term Nicotine Improves Experimental Flap Survival: Implications for Different Findings in Experimental Flap Models.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Clinical and Functional Outcomes Following Reverse Sural Flap of Lower Extremity Defects: A Comparative Retrospective Study.Clinics in orthopedic surgery · 2026Article
- Mapping Perfusion and Predicting Success: Infrared Thermography-Guided Perforator Flaps for Lower Limb Defects.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Observational
- The Impact of pre-operative aspirin administration on free flap survival rate in lower extremity reconstructio n.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2025Article
- Social Determinants of Health and Patient-reported Outcomes Following Autologous Breast Reconstruction, Using Insurance as a Proxy.Journal of reconstructive microsurgery · 2025Article
- Hemostasis and Gingival Healing-Polyurethane Adhesive Postextraction Under Rivaroxaban Therapy in a Rodent Model.International journal of dentistry · 2025Article
- Impact of Postoperative Norepinephrine Administration on Free Flap Flow.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Novel Challenges and Opportunities for Anesthesia and Perioperative Care in Microvascular Flap Surgery: A Narrative Review.Clinics and practice · 2024Review
- Evaluation of peri-implant perfusion in patients who underwent avascular augmentation or microvascular reconstruction using laser Doppler flowmetry and tissue spectrophotometry: a prospective comparative clinical study.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Article
- Evaluation of perfusion parameters of gingival inflammation using laser Doppler flowmetry and tissue spectrophotometry- a prospective comparative clinical study.BMC oral health · 2023Article
- Scalp Reconstruction Using the Latissimus Dorsi Free Flap: A 12-Year Experience.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Head and neck reconstruction with microvascular free flaps is frequently performed in smokers. Smoking causes various alterations in the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on flap perfusion as a critical factor for flap survival. A total of 370 patients reconstructed with a radial free forearm flap (RFFF) or anterolateral thigh flap (ALTF) in the head and neck region between 2011 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Flap perfusion measurements with the O2C tissue oxygen analysis system were compared between nonsmokers, light smokers (< 20 pack-years), and heavy smokers (≥ 20 pack-years). The blood flow was intraoperatively equal in RFFFs (84.5 AU vs. 84.5 AU; p = 0.900) and increased in ALTFs (80.5 AU vs. 56.5 AU; p = 0.001) and postoperatively increased in RFFFs (114.0 AU vs. 86.0 AU; p = 0.035) and similar in ALTFs (70.5 AU vs. 71.0 AU; p = 0.856) in heavy smokers compared to nonsmokers. The flap survival rate was similar in nonsmokers, light smokers, and heavy smokers (97.3%, 98.4%, and 100.0%). Smoking partially increases rather than decreases microvascular free flap perfusion, which may contribute to similar flap survival rates in smokers and nonsmokers.
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