ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2022
SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in vaccinees induces virus-specific nasal-resident CD8+ and CD4+ T cells of broad specificity.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Review
- Review
- Nasal CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells provide cross-protective immunity to influenza.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Nasal humoral immunity: the first line of protection against respiratory pathogens.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Review
- Immunological memory to vaccines.Immunity · 2026Review
- Olfactory immunity: defending the neural-mucosal barrier.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
- Distinct commensal bacteria in human nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue associated with localized immunological memory.iScience · 2026Article
- Intranasal S-2P and lentinan formulation confers broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs via IFN-γ-dominant mechanisms.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections broaden the repertoire of Spike-reactive CD4 T cells.mBio · 2026Article
- Exogenous IFN-α delivered as an intranasal adjunct to systemic vaccination directs vaccine-specific T-cell responses to the upper respiratory tract.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Keystone Epitope Theory: An Ecological Perspective on RNA Viruses, Tumor Immunoediting, and Vaccine Design.Pathogens & immunity · 2026Review
- Prolonged persistence of tissue-resident memory cells in the upper airway following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- UnveilingiScience · 2025Article
- Advocating mucosal immunization: A global need in a viewpoint from China.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2025Review
- Intranasal replicon SARS-CoV-2 vaccine produces protective respiratory and systemic immunity and prevents viral transmission.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Role of antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Robust mucosal SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells effectively combat COVID-19 and establish polyfunctional resident memory in patient lungs.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Protective SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells take up residence.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- T and B cell responses in different immunization scenarios for COVID-19: a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Rapid recognition of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells by resident T cells in the upper airway might provide an important layer of protection against COVID-19. Whether parenteral SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection induces nasal-resident T cells specific for distinct SARS-CoV-2 proteins is unknown. We isolated T cells from the nasal mucosa of COVID-19 vaccinees who either experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination (n = 34) or not (n = 16) and analyzed their phenotype, SARS-CoV-2 specificity, function, and persistence. Nasal-resident SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were detected almost exclusively in vaccinees who experienced SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection. Importantly, the Spike-specific T cells primed by vaccination did not suppress the induction of T cells specific for other SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The nasal-resident T cell responses persisted for ≥140 d, with minimal sign of waning. These data highlight the importance of viral nasal challenge in the formation of SARS-CoV-2-specific antiviral immunity at the site of primary infection and further define the immunological features of SARS-CoV-2 hybrid immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.