Trial reporteLife2022
Effects of side-effect risk framing strategies on COVID-19 vaccine intentions: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in eLife, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Communication-based interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccine willingness and uptake: a systematic review with meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Say it right: measuring the impact of different communication strategies on the decision to get vaccinated.BMC public health · 2023Trial
- Trial
- A modular mRNA vaccine platform encoding antigen-presenting capsid virus-like particles enhances the immunogenicity of the malaria antigen Pfs25.Nature nanotechnology · 2025Article
- Vaccination Promotion Strategies in the Elderly: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Review
- I want to be safe: understanding the main drivers behind vaccination choice throughout the pandemic.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Assessment of adverse events among healthcare workers following the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine in Tigray, Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake: a scoping review.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Article
- Positive Attribute Framing Increases COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Intention for Unfamiliar Vaccines.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A cross-sectional study in Malang District, Indonesia.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Fear over side-effects is one of the main drivers of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. A large literature in the behavioral and communication sciences finds that how risks are framed and presented to individuals affects their judgments of its severity. However, it remains unknown whether such framing changes can affect COVID-19 vaccine behavior and be deployed as policy solutions to reduce hesitancy. Methods: We conducted a pre-registered randomized controlled trial among 8998 participants in the United States and the United Kingdom to examine the effects of different ways of framing and presenting vaccine side-effects on individuals' willingness to get vaccinated and their perceptions of vaccine safety. Results: Adding a descriptive risk label ('very low risk') next to the numerical side-effect and providing a comparison to motor-vehicle mortality increased participants' willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine by 3.0 percentage points (p=0.003) and 2.4 percentage points (p=0.049), respectively. These effects were independent and additive and combining both framing strategies increased willingness to receive the vaccine by 6.1 percentage points (p<0.001). Mechanistically, we find evidence that these framing effects operate by increasing individuals' perceptions of how safe the vaccine is. Conclusions: Low-cost side-effect framing strategies can meaningfully affect vaccine intentions at a population level. Funding: Heidelberg Institute of Global Health. Clinical trial number: German Clinical Trials Registry (#DRKS00025551).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.