ArticleCell death & disease2022
PKR and TLR3 trigger distinct signals that coordinate the induction of antiviral apoptosis.
Article in Cell death & disease, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Role of extracellular vesicles derived from HIV-infected T cells and microglial cells in neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis using a blood-brain barrier and cerebral organoid co-culture model.Journal of neurovirology · 2026Article
- Key role of TLR3 in type I IFN expression and apoptosis induction in IBDV-infected chicken fibroblast cells.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- MyD88 Contributes to TLR3-Mediated NF-κB Activation and Cytokine Production in Macrophages.Cells · 2025Article
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- The Effect of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Biotypes on Bovine Oocyte In Vitro.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive Review of poly(I: C) as a Tool for Investigating Astrocytic TLR3 Signaling.Neurochemical research · 2025Review
- A Novel Self-Amplifying mRNA with Decreased Cytotoxicity and Enhanced Protein Expression by Macrodomain Mutations.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Oxymatrine Modulation of TLR3 Signaling: A Dual-Action Mechanism for H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Defense and Immune Regulation.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing uncovers molecular mechanisms of intravenous immunoglobulin plus methylprednisolone in Kawasaki disease: attenuated monocyte-driven inflammation and improved NK cell cytotoxicity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- HSV-1 Triggers an Antiviral Transcriptional Response during Viral Replication That Is Completely Abrogated in PKRPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Susceptibility and Permissivity of Zebrafish (Viruses · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), protein kinase R (PKR), and endosomal Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) sense viral non-self RNA and are involved in cell fate determination. However, the mechanisms by which intracellular RNA induces apoptosis, particularly the role of each RNA sensor, remain unclear. We performed cytoplasmic injections of different types of RNA and elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying viral dsRNA-induced apoptosis. The results obtained revealed that short 5'-triphosphate dsRNA, the sole ligand of RIG-I, induced slow apoptosis in a fraction of cells depending on IRF-3 transcriptional activity and IFN-I production. However, intracellular long dsRNA was sensed by PKR and TLR3, which activate distinct signals, and synergistically induced rapid apoptosis. PKR essentially induced translational arrest, resulting in reduced levels of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein and functioned in the TLR3/TRIF-dependent activation of caspase 8. The present results demonstrated that PKR and TLR3 were both essential for inducing the viral RNA-mediated apoptosis of infected cells and the arrest of viral production.
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