SynthesisFrontiers in nutrition2022
Neonatal Diet and Gut Microbiome Development After C-Section During the First Three Months After Birth: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Frontiers in nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Infant gut microbiota following cesarean section in the Middle East: a multidisciplinary expert consensus based on a targeted narrative review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Gut microbiota development in very preterm infants following fortification of human milk.mSystems · 2025Trial
- A nomogram to predict probable meningitis in very preterm and/or very low birth weight infants with early-onset sepsis: a multicenter retrospective study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Review
- Beyond breastfeeding: a One Health Decalogue for nurturing the infant microbiota.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- The role of the gut microbiota during the first 2 years of life in the early programming of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Review: microbial metabolites - a key to address gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction in the premature infant.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Microbiological Foundations to Optimise Intrinsic Capacity and Promote Healthy Ageing: An Integration Into the Life Course Approach.Aging cell · 2025Review
- Intestinal Microbiota in Early Life: Latest Findings Regarding the Role of Probiotics as a Treatment Approach for Dysbiosis.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Shaping oral and intestinal microbiota and the immune system during the first 1,000 days of life.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Impact of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis on the oral and fecal bacteriomes of children in the first week of life.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Interaction between Stress and Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pediatric and Adult Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Maternal-Foetal/Infant Interactions-Gut Microbiota and Immune Health.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Interaction of Heavy Metal Lead with Gut Microbiota: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Observational
- Early-life microbiota-immune homeostasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Cesarean section (C-section) delivery imprints fundamentally on the gut microbiota composition with potential health consequences. With the increasing incidence of C-sections worldwide, there is a need for precise characterization of neonatal gut microbiota to understand how to restore microbial imbalance after C-section. After birth, gut microbiota development is shaped by various factors, especially the infant's diet and antibiotic exposure. Concerning diet, current research has proposed that breastfeeding can restore the characteristic gut microbiome after C-section. Objectives: In this systematic review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current literature on the effect of breastfeeding on gut microbiota development after C-section delivery in the first 3 months of life. Methods: The retrieved data from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were evaluated according to the PICO/PECO strategy. Quality assessment was conducted by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: After critical selection, we identified 14 out of 4,628 studies for the evaluation of the impact of the diet after C-section delivery. The results demonstrate consistent evidence that C-section and affiliated intrapartum antibiotic exposure affect Bacteroidetes abundance and the incapacity of breastfeeding to reverse their reduction. Furthermore, exclusive breastfeeding shows a positive effect on Actinobacteria and Bifidobacteria restoration over the 3 months after birth. None of the included studies detected any significant changes in Conclusion: C-section and intrapartum antibiotic exposure influence an infant's gut microbiota by depletion of Bacteroides, regardless of the infant's diet in the first 3 months of life. Even though breastfeeding increases the presence of Bifidobacteria, further research with proper feeding classification is needed to prove the restoration effect on some taxa in infants after C-section. Systematic Review Registration: [www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42021287672].
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.