ArticleSport sciences for health2022
Fear of Return to Sport Scale (FRESS): a new instrument for use in injured professional or recreational athletes in rehabilitation.
Article in Sport sciences for health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The utility of psychological readiness scales in predicting return to sport: a systematic review.BMC psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Cross-cultural translation, adaptation, and validation of the Chinese versions of the athlete fear avoidance questionnaire and fear of return to sport scale.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- The Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS) in Brazilian patients with chronic cancer pain: translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation study.Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina · 2025Article
- Article
- Beyond physical recovery: investigating athletic identity as a mediator between social support and psychological readiness for return to sport.Australian journal of psychology · 2024Article
- Test-retest, intra- and inter-rater reliability of the reactive balance test in patients with chronic ankle instability.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Measurement properties of the short version of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) for individuals with knee osteoarthritis.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2023Article
- Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ) into Brazilian Portuguese.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To create, develop, and validate the Fear of Return to Sport Scale (FRESS) for injured professional or recreational athletes in rehabilitation. Methods: This is a questionnaire validation study. To determine the structural and construct validity, 192 injured professional or recreational athletes of different sports modalities were included. We used a subsample with 32 participants to analyze test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Main outcome measures were the FRESS, Numerical Pain Scale (NPS), Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale (PCTS), Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain Questionnaire for athletes (SEFIP-sport), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Initially, 25 questions were proposed by the specialists. Of these, 4 questions were excluded due to similarity with others. After applying the content validity coefficient, 8 questions were excluded for presenting a value lower than 0.80, leaving 13 items. The exploratory factor analysis identified the one-dimensional structure of the FRESS with 13 items. However, five items were excluded for presenting high covariance with the error of several other FRESS items in the confirmatory factor analysis. Thus, the final version of the FRESS was defined with one domain and eight items. Regarding the construct validity, we observed a magnitude of correlation varying between 0.257 and 0.470 between the FRESS and the instruments used here. We observed adequate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.896) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.868). Ceiling and floor effects were not observed. Conclusion: The FRESS with one domain and eight items has acceptable measurement properties and its use in clinical and sports environments to measure the fear of returning to sport in injured professional or recreational athletes is supported. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11332-022-00975-4.
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