ArticleAppetite2022
The impact of caloric availability on eating behavior and ultra-processed food reward.
Article in Appetite, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Satiety responsiveness following dietary exposure to ultra-processed foods differing in texture-derived eating rate: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled crossover diet intervention.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Metabolic and neural responses to ultraprocessed foods: a randomized, controlled, crossover study.Nature metabolism · 2026Article
- Using Best-Worst Scaling to explore the perceived addictiveness of foods by processing level: a cross-sectional study among higher education students in Belgium.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- The "pro-inflammatory imprint" of ultra-processed food exposure: a review of mechanisms affecting child and adolescent health and development via the gut microbiome-inflammation axis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- The role of ultra-processed food in obesity.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- The association between ultra-processed food consumption and adiposity indexes in adults living in Tehran: a dose-response analysis within a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Review
- The 15-year trend in adherence to dietary recommendations and ultra-processed food consumption in Italy.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Ultra-processed food consumption affects structural integrity of feeding-related brain regions independent of and via adiposity.npj metabolic health and disease · 2025Article
- Neural and metabolic factors in carbohydrate reward: Rationale, design, and methods for a flavor-nutrient learning paradigm in humans.Contemporary clinical trials · 2024Article
- Consumption of Plant-Derived Phenolic Acids Modulates Hunger and Satiety Responses Due to Chemical Interactions with Enteroendocrine Mediators.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Food Addiction.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Dietary intake in children and adolescents with food addiction: A systematic review.Addictive behaviors reports · 2024Review
- Determinants of obesity in Latin America.Nature metabolism · 2024 · on this mapReview
- Ultra-processed Food and Obesity: What Is the Evidence?Current nutrition reports · 2024Review
- Barriers to Adherence to Healthy Diet and Recommended Physical Activity Perceived by the Polish Population.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Social, clinical, and policy implications of ultra-processed food addiction.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2023Article
- From dearth to excess: the rise of obesity in an ultra-processed food system.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Ultra-Processed Food, Reward System and Childhood Obesity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Individual and Socioeconomic Contextual Factors Associated with Obesity in Brazilian Adolescents: VigiNUTRI Brasil.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The food environment has changed rapidly and dramatically in the last 50 years. While industrial food processing has increased the safety and stability of the food supply, a rapid expansion in the scope and scale of food processing in the 1980's has resulted in a market dominated by ultra-processed foods. Here, we use the NOVA definition of category 4 ultra-processed foods (UPFs) as they make up around 58% of total calories consumed in the US and 66% of calories in US children. UPFs are formulated from ingredients with no or infrequent culinary use, contain additives, and have a long shelf-life, spending long periods in contact with packaging materials, allowing for the absorption of compounds from those materials. The full implications of this dietary shift to UPFs on human health and disease outcomes are difficult, if not impossible, to quantify. However, UPF consumption is linked with various forms of cancer, increased cardiovascular disease, and increased all-cause mortality. Understanding food choice is, therefore, a critical problem in health research. Although many factors influence food choice, here we focus on the properties of the foods themselves. UPFs are generally treated as food, not as the highly refined, industrialized substances that they are, whose properties and components must be studied. Here, we examine one property of UPFs, that they deliver useable calories rapidly as a potential factor driving UPF overconsumption. First, we explore evidence that UPFs deliver calories more rapidly. Next, we examine the role of the gut-brain axis and its interplay with canonical reward systems, and last, we describe how speed affects both basic learning processes and drugs of abuse.
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