ReviewNature protocols2022
Isolation of mitochondria-derived mitovesicles and subpopulations of microvesicles and exosomes from brain tissues.
Review in Nature protocols, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 145 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular vesicles: A new therapeutic drug for nerve injury repair.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Engineered microvesicle-mediated multimodal therapy resolves ulcerative colitis via synergistic immunoregulation, barrier restoration, and microbiota remodeling.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Sequential-RSC pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Tissue derived extracellular vesicles advance from disease mechanisms to clinical application.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Mitochondria-derived vesicles in neurodegeneration.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Status Epilepticus Alters the Function of Brain-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Mitochondria-Derived Vesicles and Mitochondrial Extracellular Vesicles in Health and Cardiovascular Disease.Circulation research · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles from IPFP-MSCs trigger osteoarthritis by transferring mtDNA.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- HuR-driven reversible mitochondrial shuttling buffers cytosolic miRNA levels in hepatic cells.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Research progress on the effects of macrophage‑derived exosomes on muscle factors IGF‑1 and FGF‑2 mediating musculoskeletal crosstalk molecular signaling pathway on bone metabolism (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- The importance of mitochondria and mitochondrial calcium signaling in health and disease: an updated outlook on inflammation.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Recent Advances in Mitochondria-Targeted Delivery Strategies for Ischemic Stroke Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Mitochondrion-targeted therapies for diabetic wound healing: from mechanism to therapeutic opportunity.Burns & trauma · 2026Review
- Engineering Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Diseases.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial transplantation for osteoarthritis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Engineering exosomes for targeted neurodegenerative therapy: innovations in biogenesis, drug loading, and clinical translation.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Endothelial mitochondrial-derived vesicles (EMDVs) with retinal targeted homing properties dynamically modulate the eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway and efficiently restore mitochondrial homeostasis in diabetic retina.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- The profiling of extracellular vesicle subtypes in Huntington's disease brains identifies Alix as a novel marker of neuropathology.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Microglial Extracellular Vesicles Mediate C1q Deposition at the Pre-Synapse and Promote Synaptic Pruning.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- AstroGreen transgenic mouse illuminates the trafficking of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles.Molecular and cellular neurosciences · 2025Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale vesicles secreted into the extracellular space by all cell types, including neurons and astrocytes in the brain. EVs play pivotal roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes such as waste removal, cell-to-cell communication and transport of either protective or pathogenic material into the extracellular space. Here we describe a detailed protocol for the reliable and consistent isolation of EVs from both murine and human brains, intended for anyone with basic laboratory experience and performed in a total time of 27 h. The method includes a mild extracellular matrix digestion of the brain tissue, a series of filtration and centrifugation steps to purify EVs and an iodixanol-based high-resolution density step gradient that fractionates different EV populations, including mitovesicles, a newly identified type of EV of mitochondrial origin. We also report detailed downstream protocols for the characterization and analysis of brain EV preparations using nanotrack analysis, electron microscopy and western blotting, as well as for measuring mitovesicular ATP kinetics. Furthermore, we compared this novel iodixanol-based high-resolution density step gradient to the previously described sucrose-based gradient. Although the yield of total EVs recovered was similar, the iodixanol-based gradient better separated distinct EV species as compared with the sucrose-based gradient, including subpopulations of microvesicles, exosomes and mitovesicles. This technique allows quantitative, highly reproducible analyses of brain EV subtypes under normal physiological processes and pathological brain conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.