ArticleNature communications2022
Protection of COVID-19 vaccination and previous infection against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and Delta SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 13 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 13 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of European studies published up to 22 January 2024.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Pooled it
- Predictive models for health outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2, including the effect of vaccination: a systematic review.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of hybrid immunity to mitigate the risk of Omicron variant reinfection.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- The relative prevalence of the Omicron variant within SARS-CoV-2 infected cohorts in different countries: A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Effectiveness of the pre-Omicron COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron in reducing infection, hospitalization, severity, and mortality compared to Delta and other variants: A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Effectiveness of COVID-19 Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) mRNA vaccination in adolescents aged 12-17 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines among children and adolescents aged 2-18 years: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2023Pooled it
- Role of previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 in protecting against omicron reinfections and severe complications of COVID-19 compared to pre-omicron variants: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Long-term effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against infections, hospitalisations, and mortality in adults: findings from a rapid living systematic evidence synthesis and meta-analysis up to December, 2022.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Past SARS-CoV-2 infection protection against re-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet (London, England) · 2023Pooled it
- Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against Omicron infection and severe events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Facing the Omicron variant-how well do vaccines protect against mild and severe COVID-19? Third interim analysis of a living systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Indirect protection and long-term effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine: a stepped-wedge randomised trial in Serrana, Brazil.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Integrating Genomic Data into Test-negative Designs for Estimating Lineage-specific COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Protective Effectiveness of Sars-Cov-2 Infection Risk Among Hybrid, Vaccine, and Infection-induced Immunity Against the Omicron Variant, K-Serosmart.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Target Trial Emulation of Vaccine Effectiveness in 5- to 17-years-olds with Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Does Home COVID-19 Testing Bias COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Estimates?American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- A study on the willingness and influencing factors of non-EPI vaccines recommendations among Chinese vaccination staff under major infectious disease outbreaks.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Given the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants and the roll-out of booster COVID-19 vaccination, evidence is needed on protection conferred by primary vaccination, booster vaccination and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection by variant. We employed a test-negative design on S-gene target failure data from community PCR testing in the Netherlands from 22 November 2021 to 31 March 2022 (n = 671,763). Previous infection, primary vaccination or both protected well against Delta infection. Protection against Omicron BA.1 infection was much lower compared to Delta. Protection was similar against Omicron BA.1 compared to BA.2 infection after previous infection, primary and booster vaccination. Higher protection was observed against all variants in individuals with both vaccination and previous infection compared with either one. Protection against all variants decreased over time since last vaccination or infection. We found that primary vaccination with current COVID-19 vaccines and previous SARS-CoV-2 infections offered low protection against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 infection. Booster vaccination considerably increased protection against Omicron infection, but decreased rapidly after vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.