Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35961796›Full record

ArticleVaccine2022

Beyond coverage: Rural-urban disparities in the timeliness of childhood vaccinations in Tanzania.

Valerie Yelverton, Nicole L Hair, Suvomita Happy Ghosh, Sayoki Godfrey Mfinanga, Esther Ngadaya, Joy Noel Baumgartner, Jan Ostermann, Lavanya Vasudevan

Erratum issued Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Vaccine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT06024317 (Leveraging Community Health Workers and a Responsive Digital Health System to Improve Rates and Timeliness of Child Well Visits in the First Year of Life), which is not on this map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06024317 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Leveraging Community Health Workers and a Responsive Digital Health System to Improve Rates and Timeliness of Child Well Visits in the First Year of Life

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of South CarolinaRan2026 to 2027Enrolled800ConditionsShort Message Service (SMS), Incentives, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Preventive ServicesArmsHuduma Kwa Wakati - Knowledge Intervention, Huduma Kwa Wakati - Reminders, Huduma Kwa Wakati - Incentives, Huduma Kwa Wakati - Service notifications
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Valerie YelvertonDepartment of Health Services Policy & Management, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
Nicole L HairDepartment of Health Services Policy & Management, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
Suvomita Happy GhoshDuke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Sayoki Godfrey MfinangaMuhimbili Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 65001, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Nelson Mandela Rd, Arusha, Tanzania; Alliance for Africa Research and Innovation (A4A), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Esther NgadayaMuhimbili Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 65001, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
Joy Noel BaumgartnerDuke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA; School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Tate-Turner-Kuralt Building, 325 Pittsboro St, CB #3550, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Jan OstermannDepartment of Health Services Policy & Management, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA; South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
Lavanya VasudevanDuke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, 2200 W. Main Street, Suite 600, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Electronic address: lavanya.vasudevan@duke.edu.

Funding

Institutional Career Development CoreKL2TR002554 · NCATS · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI SVETKEY, LAURA P · 2018 to 2022
$8.2M
mHealth-assisted conditional cash transfers to improve timeliness of vaccinationsR21TW010262 · FIC · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI OSTERMANN, JAN, VASUDEVAN, LAVANYA · 2016 to 2017
$354k
FIC NIH HHS R21 TW010262NCATS NIH HHS KL2 TR002554
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTimely vaccination maximizes efficacy for preventing infectious diseases. In the absence of national vaccination registries, representative sample survey data hold vital information on vaccination coverage and timeliness. This study characterizes vaccination coverage and timeliness in Tanzania and provides an analytic template to inform contextually relevant interventions and evaluate immunization programs.

methodsCross-sectional data on 6,092 children under age 3 from the 2015-16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey were used to examine coverage and timeliness for 14 vaccine doses recommended in the first year of life. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to model time to vaccination. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine factors associated with timely vaccination.

resultsSubstantial rural-urban disparities in vaccination coverage and timeliness were observed for all vaccines. Across 14 recommended doses, documented coverage ranged from 52 % to 79 %. Median vaccination delays lasted up to 35 days; gaps were larger among rural than urban children and for later doses in vaccine series. Among rural children, median delays exceeded 35 days for the 3 DISCUSSION: This study highlights persistent gaps in uptake and timeliness of childhood vaccinations in Tanzania and substantial rural-urban disparities. While the results provide an informative situation assessment and outline strategies for identifying unvaccinated children, a national electronic registry is critical for comprehensive assessments of the performance of vaccination programs. The timeliness measure employed in this study-the amount of time children are un- or undervaccinated-may serve as a sensitive performance metric for these programs.

Indexed as

Immunization ProgramsVaccination CoverageChildChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesHumansImmunization ScheduleInfantPneumococcal VaccinesTanzaniaVaccinationPneumococcal VaccinesChildhood vaccinationDemographic and Health SurveyRural-urban disparitiesTanzaniaVaccination coverageVaccination timeliness

Identifiers

PMID35961796
PMCPMC9954535

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.