ArticlePsychological research2023
The SNARC effect: a preregistered study on the interaction of horizontal, vertical, and sagittal spatial-numerical associations.
Article in Psychological research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- 2D mental whiteboards: Multidimensional spatial coding of serial order in verbal working memory.Psychological research · 2026Article
- Spatial representation of serial order in working memory: a cross-cultural comparison between Japanese and Italian adults.Psychological research · 2026Article
- Motion-numerical compatibility affects magnitude classification.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Numerically induced attentional biases in horizontal, vertical, and two-dimensional shapes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Spatial coding of arithmetic operations in early learning: an eye tracking study in first-grade elementary school children.Psychological research · 2025Article
- Effect of spatial training on space-number mapping: a situated cognition account.Psychological research · 2025Article
- Dichotomous horizontal representation of acute deterioration risk on illnesses.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Practice-induced SNARC: evidence from a null-SNARC sample.Cognitive processing · 2024Article
- Simultaneous but independent spatial associations for pitch and loudness.Psychological research · 2024Article
- Distinct neural mechanisms for action access and execution in the human brain: insights from an fMRI study.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Multimodality matters in numerical communication.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Small numbers are processed faster through left-sided than right-sided responses, whereas large numbers are processed faster through right-sided than left-sided responses [i.e., the Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect]. This effect suggests that small numbers are mentally represented on the left side of space, whereas large numbers are mentally represented on the right side of space, along a mental number line. The SNARC effect has been widely investigated along the horizontal Cartesian axis (i.e., left-right). Aleotti et al. (Cognition 195:104111, 2020), however, have shown that the SNARC effect could also be observed along the vertical (i.e., small numbers-down side vs. large numbers-up side) and the sagittal axis (i.e., small numbers-near side vs. large numbers-far side). Here, we investigated whether the three Cartesian axes could interact to elicit the SNARC effect. Participants were asked to decide whether a centrally presented Arabic digit was odd or even. Responses were collected through an ad hoc-made response box on which the SNARC effect could be compatible for one, two, or three Cartesian axes. The results showed that the higher the number of SNARC-compatible Cartesian axes, the stronger the SNARC effect. We suggest that numbers are represented in a three-dimensional number space defined by interacting Cartesian axes.
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