Biochemical Diagnosis of Catecholamine-Producing Tumors of Childhood: Neuroblastoma, Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma.

Catecholamine-producing tumors of childhood include most notably neuroblastoma, but also pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). Diagnosis of the former depends largely on biopsy-dependent histopathology, but this is contraindicated in PPGL where diagnosis depends crucially on biochemical tests of catecholamine excess. Such tests retain some importance in neuroblastoma though continue to largely rely on measurements of homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), which are no longer recommended for PPGL. For PPGL, urinary or plasma metanephrines are the recommended most accurate tests. Addition of methoxytyramine to the plasma panel is particularly useful to identify dopamine-producing tumors and combined with normetanephrine also shows superior diagnostic performance over HVA and VMA for neuroblastoma. While use of metanephrines and methoxytyramine for diagnosis of PPGL in adults is established, there are numerous pitfalls for use of these tests in children. The establishment of pediatric reference intervals is particularly difficult and complicated by dynamic changes in metabolites during childhood, especially in infants for both plasma and urinary measurements, and extending to adolescence for urinary measurements. Interpretation of test results is further complicated in children by difficulties in following recommended preanalytical precautions. Due to this, the slow growing nature of PPGL and neglected consideration of the tumors in childhood the true pediatric prevalence of PPGL is likely underappreciated. Earlier identification of disease, as facilitated by surveillance programs, may uncover the true prevalence and improve therapeutic outcomes of childhood PPGL. For neuroblastoma there remain considerable obstacles in moving from entrenched to more accurate tests of catecholamine excess.