ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2022
An Overview of PDE4 Inhibitors in Clinical Trials: 2010 to Early 2022.
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of MN-166 (ibudilast) on acute respiratory failure prevention in hospitalized participants with COVID-19: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Trial
- Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of HPP737, a Novel PDE4 Inhibitor, in Healthy Chinese Participants: Phase I Study.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast for the Treatment of Japanese Patients with Palmoplantar Pustulosis: Results from a Phase 2, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2023Trial
- Therapeutic Effects of Combined 6-Shogaol and Ibudilast on Neuroinflammation and Behavioral Deficits in a Cuprizone Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Molecular Mechanisms, Current Therapeutics, and Future Perspectives.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Review
- Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Molecular Mechanisms, Current Therapeutics, and Future Perspectives.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Review
- Glatiramer Acetate Therapy Induces DNA Methylation Changes in Immune Cells of Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Pilot Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Integrated Pharmacophore Modeling, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Accelerate the Discovery of Novel PDE1 Inhibitors with Potential for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Discovery of Novel Benzothiazole-Based PDE4 Inhibitors for Central Nervous System Disorders.ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Braylin Derivatives as Novel PDE4 Inhibitors with Anti-Inflammatory Effects.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Subanesthetic doses of ketamine to rats and monkeys rapidly increases radioligand binding in brain to phosphodiesterase-4, an indirect marker of cAMP.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- FDA-approved PDE4 inhibitors alleviate the dominant toxicity of ALS-FTD-associated CHCHD10iScience · 2026Article
- Discovery of Potent PDE4 Inhibitors with 3(2H)-Pyridazinone Scaffold: Synthesis, In Silico Studies and In Vitro/Vivo Evaluation.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current pipeline and new opportunities.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Trends in Inhibitors, Structural Modifications, and Structure-Function Relationships of Phosphodiesterase 4: A Review.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Sex-specific adverse event profiles of PDE4 inhibitors: a comparative big-data pharmacovigilance study of apremilast, crisaborole, and roflumilast in FAERS (2004-2025).Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Drug development in psoriatic arthritis: a trialtrove-based landscape analysis (1999-2025).Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Design of an open-label extension trial of nerandomilast (BI 1015550) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and progressive pulmonary fibrosis (FIBRONEER™-ON).BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- PDE4 Inhibitor-Responsive Dermatoses: An Emerging Concept in Dermatology.The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology · 2025Review
- Discovery of a PDE4B and PDE4D selective bifunctional degrader for management of chronic inflammatory disorders.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) has been an attractive target for the treatment of inflammation-based diseases. Several scientific advancements, by both academia and pharmaceutical companies, have enabled the identification of many synthetic ligands for this target, along with the acquisition of precise information on biological requirements and linked therapeutic opportunities. The transition from pre-clinical to clinical phase was not easy for the majority of these compounds, mainly due to their significant side effects, and it took almost thirty years for a PDE4 inhibitor to become a drug i.e., Roflumilast, used in the clinics for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Since then, three additional compounds have reached the market a few years later: Crisaborole for atopic dermatitis, Apremilast for psoriatic arthritis and Ibudilast for Krabbe disease. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the compounds that have reached clinical trials in the last ten years, with a focus on those most recently developed for respiratory, skin and neurological disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.