ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2022
Macrophages, Low-Grade Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia: A Mutual Ambiguous Relationship in the Development of Metabolic Diseases.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Do oleic acid-enriched oil formulations improve health outcomes in metabolic disorders? A GRADE-assessed meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
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- Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Secretory Factors and Macrophage Functional Remodeling: Mechanistic Advances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Baseline versus cumulative cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose index and stroke risk in individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3: evidence from the CHARLS study.Cardiovascular diabetology. Endocrinology reports · 2026Article
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- Association Between C-Reactive Protein-Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Adverse Prognosis Outcomes in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Article
- Correlation of vitamin D levels with TNF-α and IL-6 expression in insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Integrating inflammation, insulin resistance, and visceral adiposity: the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose-Chinese visceral adiposity (CTI-CVAI) index is associated with cardiovascular disease risk across CKM stages 0-3 in a nationwide prospective cohort.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Association of the C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index with new-onset myocardial infarction risk: a prospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Association of cumulative exposure and dynamic trajectories of the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose and its modified indices with cardiovascular disease in individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3: a longitudinal analysis based on CHARLS.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Observational
- Article
- Article
- Cardiometabolic risk and metabolic syndrome with prostate cancer-an inverse probability weighted study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Hypothesis: Nutrient Off-Loading and Ectopic Fat Reduction Reverse Insulin Resistance and Improve Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Associations of insulin resistance-related indices with incident carotid plaques by cardiovascular risk profiles: a prospective cohort study.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- Insulin Resistance and Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Comparison of novel nutritional index (TCBI) and insulin resistance index (TyG-BMI) for assessing cardiovascular disease risk: a cohort study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Metabolic derangement with poor glycemic control accompanying overweight and obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages, which present a very heterogeneous population of cells, play a key role in the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis, but functional alterations in the resident macrophage pool as well as newly recruited monocyte-derived macrophages are important drivers in the development of low-grade inflammation. While metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance and tissue damage may trigger or advance pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages, the inflammation itself contributes to the development of insulin resistance and the resulting hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages express insulin receptors whose downstream signaling networks share a number of knots with the signaling pathways of pattern recognition and cytokine receptors, which shape macrophage polarity. The shared knots allow insulin to enhance or attenuate both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophage responses. This supposedly physiological function may be impaired by hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance in macrophages. This review discusses the mutual ambiguous relationship of low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and the insulin-dependent modulation of macrophage activity with a focus on adipose tissue and liver.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.