A Workability Characterization of Innovative Rubber Concrete as a Grouting Material.

The aim of this study is to assess the workability of an innovative rubber concrete to fill in the gaps in a shield tunnel construction. This grouting material includes porous sand, PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) fiber, cement, and rubber. One advantage of the material is its high toughness, which is good for the postfailure stage of an earthquake event. Evaluations were carried out on the physical properties in terms of the slurry density, consistency, fluidity, bleeding rate, consolidation shrinkage rate, setting time, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) (i.e., 3 and 28 days). The toughness index was also introduced to evaluate the performance at the postfailure stage. The results demonstrate that the toughness index will increase as the rubber content increases. It increases from 1.0 at 0% to 1.7 at 80% rubber content (28 days' curing) and from 1.2 at 0% to 2.2 at 80% rubber content (3 days' curing). The increase in fiber content and fiber length will also increase the toughness index as the fiber will enhance the tensile strength of the matrix. The results show that when the fiber content increases from 0% to 1%, the toughness index increases from 1 to 7 (28 days' curing) and from 1.1 to 10 (3 days' curing). Similarly, if the fiber content or fiber length is above the optimum level, the UCS of the material will be compromised. The optimum fiber content is 0.8%, and the optimum fiber length is 6 mm to 9 mm. This study suggests that the balance of physical properties should be considered in designing a satisfactory grouting material based on the specific purpose of the engineering practice.