ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Validation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among Italian Women Practicing Bodybuilding and Powerlifting and in Women Practicing Physical Exercise.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- The muscle dysmorphia-eating disorders link as a public health concern: an epidemiological study of symptom dimensions and social isolation.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Evaluating the muscularity-oriented eating test: Factor structure and psychometric properties among university athletes and across sexes.Eating behaviors · 2025Article
- The impact of masculinity and femininity on disordered eating symptoms and the mediating role of muscularity ideals.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among transgender women.Body image · 2024Article
- Body evaluation in men: the role of body weight dissatisfaction in appearance evaluation, eating, and muscle dysmorphia psychopathology.Journal of eating disorders · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
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Abstract
Studies pertaining to muscle dysmorphia (MD) have concentrated the most on males. However, a new body ideal for women is emerging: a very toned, athletic body with flat, smooth muscles. The emphasis on the level of muscularity represents a contribution to the growth of MD symptoms in women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the muscle dysmorphic disorder inventory (MDDI) in two samples of physically active Italian women. One-hundred and sixty-five women practicing non-competing bodybuilding/powerlifting and 353 women practicing physical exercise completed the MDDI and measures of features associated with MD. Findings of the confirmatory factor analysis showed a three-factor structure with acceptable fit and invariant across groups. Omega coefficients revealed adequate internal consistency for all the scales and for the total score of the MDDI. Furthermore, convergent and divergent validity as well as retest reliability emerged to be good. MDDI represents a reliable measure of MD symptoms in physically active Italian women.
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