ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Psychometric Properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in Previously Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Multidimensional Evaluation Scale for Patient Impression Change (MPIC): A Brief Tool for Multidimensional Assessment in Interdisciplinary Pain Management.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
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- Characteristics of symptoms and establishment of a predictive model for PICS in mechanically ventilated patients with severe pneumonia: a retrospective study.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Gut Microbiome dysbiosis and immune activation correlate with somatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms in COVID-19 patients.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Factors Associated With Depression and Anxiety in People With Rare Diseases During COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study.Depression and anxiety · 2025Article
- Risk Factors for Long-Term Nutritional Disorders One Year After COVID-19: A Post Hoc Analysis of COVID-19 Recovery Study II.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Long COVID: plasma levels of neurofilament light chain in mild COVID-19 patients with neurocognitive symptoms.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
- Anxiety and Depression in Advanced and Metastatic Lung Cancer Patients-Correlations with Performance Status and Type of Treatment.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Self-reported immune status and COVID-19 associated subjective cognitive functioning in post-COVID-19 syndrome: Examination of an Irish cohort.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Interplay between Comorbidities and Long COVID: Challenges and Multidisciplinary Approaches.Biomolecules · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is associated with psychological/emotional disturbances. This study aimed to assess internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depressive Scale (HADS), as a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for evaluating emotional consequences of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors with long COVID. The LONG-COVID-EXP-CM is a multicenter cohort study including patients hospitalized by COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic in five hospitals in Madrid. A total of 1969 (age: 61 ± 16 years, 46.5% women) COVID-19 survivors experiencing post-COVID symptoms a mean of 8.4 ± 1.5 months after hospital discharge completed HADS. Internal consistency (Cronbach α), reliability (item-internal consistency, item-discriminant validity), construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), and floor effect and ceiling effect were calculated. The mean time for fulfilling HADS was 65 ± 12 s. A ceiling effect ranging from 1.99% to 13.74% and a floor effect ranging from 43.05% to 77.77% was observed. Based on the item-scale correlation coefficients, the Cronbach's alpha values reflecting the internal consistency reliability were 0.890 for the anxiety scale (HADS-A) and 0.856 for the depressive scale (HADS-D) The correlation coefficient between HADS-A and HADS-D scores was excellent (r: 0.878). The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that five out of the seven fitness indexes were excellent: CFI = 0.969, NNFI = 0.963; TLI = 0.963; AGFI = 0.951; GFI = 0.972), supporting good construct validity. In conclusion, this study indicates that both anxiety and depressive symptoms scales of HADS had overall good psychometric properties to be used for assessing psychological and emotional stress in COVID-19 survivors with long COVID.
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