Trial reportBiomaterials2022
Debulking different Corona (SARS-CoV-2 delta, omicron, OC43) and Influenza (H1N1, H3N2) virus strains by plant viral trap proteins in chewing gums to decrease infection and transmission.
Trial report in Biomaterials, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevention of HNSCC by chewing gum delivery of enzymes/antimicrobials to reduce carcinogenic acetaldehyde produced by pathogenic microbes.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Therapeutic peptides and proteins: Status and developments in drug delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Review
- Engineering Marker-Free Lettuce Chloroplast Genome to Express Functional Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Exenatide and Lixisenatide.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Synthesis of an Adjuvant-Free Single Polypeptide-Based Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine that Elicits In Vivo Immunogenicity in Rats.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Article
- Ex vivo HNSCC clinical studies using saliva and antiviral or antibacterial chewing gums reveal reduction in carcinogenic microbes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Biological Role of Enveloped Virus Glycosylation and Its Interactions with Antiviral Lectins.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- The Role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Pathogenesis, and Antiviral Interventions.Journal of medical virology · 2025Review
- Advanced Dialogues: From Laboratory to Clinics: Plant Cell-Based Affordable Biologics.Advanced genetics (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Expression of mannanase and glucanases in lettuce chloroplasts and functional evaluation of enzyme cocktail against Candida albicans in oral cancer patient samples.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Expression of endochitinase and exochitinase in lettuce chloroplasts increases plant biomass and kills fungal pathogen Candida albicans.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Clinical studies in Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease dogs: most prescribed ACEI inhibits ACE2 enzyme activity and ARB increases AngII pool in plasma.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Engineering Camelina sativa Seeds as a Green Bioreactor for the Production of Affordable Human Pro-insulin that Demonstrates Anti-diabetic Efficacy in Rats.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Article
- Debulking influenza and herpes simplex virus strains by a wide-spectrum anti-viral protein formulated in clinical grade chewing gum.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Biologics ACE2/Ang(1-7) Encapsulated in Plant Cells for FDA Approval: Safety and Toxicology Studies.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Low-Cost Biosensor Technologies for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 and Future Pandemics.ACS nano · 2024Review
- Article
- Delivery of biologics: Topical administration.Biomaterials · 2023Review
- Plant cell-based drug delivery enhances affordability of biologics.Nature biotechnology · 2023Article
- Affordable oral proinsulin bioencapsulated in plant cells regulates blood sugar levels similar to natural insulin.Biomaterials · 2023Article
- Genetic engineering of complex feed enzymes into barley seed for direct utilization in animal feedstuff.Plant biotechnology journal · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Because oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is 3-5 orders of magnitude higher than nasal transmission, we investigated debulking of oral viruses using viral trap proteins (CTB-ACE2, FRIL) expressed in plant cells, delivered through the chewing gum. In omicron nasopharyngeal (NP) samples, the microbubble count (based on N-antigen) was significantly reduced by 20 μg of FRIL (p < 0.0001) and 0.925 μg of CTB-ACE2 (p = 0.0001). Among 20 delta or omicron NP samples, 17 had virus load reduced below the detection level of spike protein in the RAPID assay, after incubation with the CTB-ACE2 gum powder. A dose-dependent 50% plaque reduction with 50-100 ng FRIL or 600-800 μg FRIL gum against Influenza strains H1N1, H3N2, and Coronavirus HCoV-OC43 was observed with both purified FRIL, lablab bean powder or gum. In electron micrographs, large/densely packed clumps of overlapping influenza particles and FRIL protein were observed. Chewing simulator studies revealed that CTB-ACE2 release was time/dose-dependent and release was linear up to 20 min chewing. Phase I/II placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial (IND 154897) is in progress to evaluate viral load in saliva before or after chewing CTB-ACE2/placebo gum. Collectively, this study advances the concept of chewing gum to deliver proteins to debulk oral viruses and decrease infection/transmission.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.