ArticleVaccine2022
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy cannot fully explain disparities in vaccination coverage across the contiguous United States.
Article in Vaccine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Pandemic paradox: How the COVID-19 crisis transformed vaccine hesitancy into a two-edged sword.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Response to COVID-19 Vaccination in Underserved Racial/Ethnic Minority People Living with HIV.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Multi-level determinants of vaccination of the American Indian and Alaska Native population: a comprehensive overview.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Sociopolitical antecedents influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Pima County, Arizona.Vaccine: X · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Health Care Delivery Site- and Patient-Level Factors Associated With COVID-19 Primary Vaccine Series Completion in a National Network of Community Health Centers.American journal of public health · 2024Article
- Vaccine Confidence and Coverage among Medical Students at a Federal University in Brazil.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Behavioral and social drivers of COVID-19 vaccination initiation in the US: a longitudinal study March─ October 2021.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2024Article
- A population level study on the determinants of COVID-19 vaccination rates at the U.S. county level.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- US seniors' intention to vaccinate against RSV in fall and winter 2023-2024.Health affairs scholar · 2024Article
- Comparison of control and transmission of COVID-19 across epidemic waves in Hong Kong: an observational study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2024Article
- Community-Engaged Research: COVID-19 Testing, Infection, and Vaccination among Underserved Minority Communities in Miami, Florida.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Unraveling Herpes Zoster Vaccine Hesitancy, Acceptance, and Its Predictors: Insights From a Scoping Review.Public health reviews · 2024Article
- Novel Psychosocial Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Cross-Sectional Survey.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Analysis of COVID-19 Case Demographics and Disease Outcomes in Gary, Indiana.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Article
- The Moderating Effect of Vaccine Hesitancy on the Relationship between the COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage Index and Vaccine Coverage.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy has been identified as a major obstacle preventing comprehensive coverage against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, few studies have analyzed the association between ex-ante vaccine hesitancy and ex-post vaccination coverage. This study leveraged one-year county-level data across the contiguous United States to examine whether the prospective vaccine hesitancy eventually translates into differential vaccination rates, and whether vaccine hesitancy can explain socioeconomic, racial, and partisan disparities in vaccine uptake. A set of structural equation modeling was fitted with vaccine hesitancy and vaccination rate as endogenous variables, controlling for various potential confounders. The results demonstrated a significant negative link between vaccine hesitancy and vaccination rate, with the difference between the two continuously widening over time. Counties with higher socioeconomic statuses, more Asian and Hispanic populations, more elderly residents, greater health insurance coverage, and more Democrats presented lower vaccine hesitancy and higher vaccination rates. However, underlying determinants of vaccination coverage and vaccine hesitancy were divergent regarding their different associations with exogenous variables. Mediation analysis further demonstrated that indirect effects from exogenous variables to vaccination coverage via vaccine hesitancy only partially explained corresponding total effects, challenging the popular narrative that portrays vaccine hesitancy as a root cause of disparities in vaccination. Our study highlights the need of well-funded, targeted, and ongoing initiatives to reduce persisting vaccination inequities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.