ArticleBMJ global health2022
Understanding community health worker employment preferences in Malang district, Indonesia, using a discrete choice experiment.
Article in BMJ global health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions involving community health workers and their effect on cervical cancer screening uptake in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Where Are the Gaps in Diabetes Care? An Evidence Gap Mapping of the Diabetes Patient Journey in Indonesia.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2026Pooled it
- The Evolving Landscape of Discrete Choice Experiments in Health Economics: A Systematic Review.PharmacoEconomics · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of the types, workload, and supervision mechanism of community health workers: lessons learned for Indonesia.BMC primary care · 2024Pooled it
- Strengthening Health Systems to Overcome Respiratory Infectious Diseases in Indonesia: A Comprehensive Review.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Review
- Cost-effectiveness of community-based type 2 diabetes prevention and control in Indonesia: a health economics modelling study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Examining the challenges encountered by community health workers and empowering them to address mental health disorders: A qualitative study in Indonesia.International journal of nursing sciences · 2025Article
- Comparative differences in job preferences among doctors in different levels of public hospitals in Henan, China: a discrete choice experiment.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Identification, mapping, and self-reported practice patterns of village doctors in Sitakunda subdistrict, Bangladesh.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- What medical specialists want to stay in remote areas of Indonesia: Discrete choice experiments.PloS one · 2024Article
- Towards stunting eradication in Indonesia: Time to invest in community health workers.Public health challenges · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCommunity health workers (CHWs) play a critical role in supporting health systems, and in improving accessibility to primary healthcare. In many settings CHW programmes do not have formalised employment models and face issues of high attrition and poor performance. This study aims to determine the employment preferences of CHWs in Malang district, Indonesia, to inform policy interventions.
methodsA discrete choice experiment was conducted with 471 CHWs across 28 villages. Attributes relevant to CHW employment were identified through a multistage process including literature review, focus group discussions and expert consultation. Respondents' choices were analysed with a mixed multinomial logit model and latent class analyses.
resultsFive attributes were identified: (1) supervision; (2) training; (3) monthly financial benefit; (4) recognition; and (5) employment structure. The most important influence on choice of job was a low monthly financial benefit (US$~2) (β=0.53, 95% CI=0.43 to 0.63), followed by recognition in the form of a performance feedback report (β=0.13, 95% CI=0.07 to 0.20). A large monthly financial benefit (US$~20) was most unappealing to respondents (β=-0.13, 95% CI=-0.23 to -0.03). Latent class analysis identified two groups of CHWs who differed in their willingness to accept either job presented and preferences over specific attributes. Preferences diverged based on respondent characteristics including experience, hours' worked per week and income.
conclusionCHWs in Malang district, Indonesia, favour a small monthly financial benefit which likely reflects the unique cultural values underpinning the programme and a desire for remuneration that is commensurate with the limited number of hours worked. CHWs also desire enhanced methods of performance feedback and greater structure around training and their rights and responsibilities. Fulfilling these conditions may become increasingly important should CHWs work longer hours.
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