ArticleEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority2022
Avian influenza overview March - June 2022.
Article in EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Real-time genomic pathogen, resistance, and host range characterization from passive water sampling of wetland ecosystems.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- The role of wild birds in the global highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 panzootic, 2020-2023.npj biodiversity · 2026Review
- Wild birds drive the introduction, maintenance, and spread of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Spain, 2021-2022.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Continuous phylogeography reveals shifting environmental drivers of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 spread in Italy, 2016-23.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Partial culling and HPAI control in poultry: insights from Lower Saxony, Germany.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Article
- Genotype A3 influenza A(H5N1) isolated from fur seals shows high virulence in mammals, but not airborne transmission.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Genomic and evolutionary characterization of newly emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade (2023-2025).Veterinary world · 2025Article
- Deep learning predicts potential reassortments of avian H5N1 with human influenza viruses.National science review · 2025Article
- Natural infections of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in wild birds between 2020 and 2023 in the UK: a retrospective study with focus on microscopic lesions, viral distribution and neurotropism.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Determination of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Persistence Following a 2024 Backyard Poultry Outbreak in Romania.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Investigating factors driving shifts in subtype dominance within H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
- Spatial risk modelling of highly pathogenic avian influenza in France: Fattening duck farm activity matters.PloS one · 2025Article
- Assessing the Use of Different Surveillance Components to Detect Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Poultry in the Netherlands in Low- and High-Risk Years.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Article
- Machine learning methods for predicting human-adaptive influenza A virus reassortment based on intersegment constraint.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Avian influenza annual report 2023.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Rapid mortality in captive bush dogs (Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Avian raptors are indicator species and victims of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus HPAIV H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b) in Germany.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Evaluating the epizootic and zoonotic threat of an H7N9 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) variant associated with enhanced pathogenicity in turkeys.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- Development of a nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine against clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.Nature communications · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The 2021-2022 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic season is the largest epidemic so far observed in Europe, with a total of 2,398 outbreaks in poultry, 46 million birds culled in the affected establishments, 168 detections in captive birds, and 2,733 HPAI events in wild birds in 36 European countries. Between 16 March and 10 June 2022, 1,182 HPAI virus detections were reported in 28 EU/EEA countries and United Kingdom in poultry (750), and in wild (410) and captive birds (22). During this reporting period, 86% of the poultry outbreaks were secondary due to between-farm spread of HPAI virus. France accounted for 68% of the overall poultry outbreaks, Hungary for 24% and all other affected countries for less than 2% each. Most detections in wild birds were reported by Germany (158), followed by the Netherlands (98) and the United Kingdom (48). The observed persistence of HPAI (H5) virus in wild birds since the 2020-2021 epidemic wave indicates that it may have become endemic in wild bird populations in Europe, implying that the health risk from HPAI A(H5) for poultry, humans, and wildlife in Europe remains present year-round, with the highest risk in the autumn and winter months. Response options to this new epidemiological situation include the definition and the rapid implementation of suitable and sustainable HPAI mitigation strategies such as appropriate biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies for early detection measures in the different poultry production systems. Medium to long-term strategies for reducing poultry density in high-risk areas should also be considered. The results of the genetic analysis indicate that the viruses currently circulating in Europe belong to clade 2.3.4.4b. HPAI A(H5) viruses were also detected in wild mammal species in Canada, USA and Japan, and showed genetic markers of adaptation to replication in mammals. Since the last report, four A(H5N6), two A(H9N2) and two A(H3N8) human infections were reported in China and one A(H5N1) in USA. The risk of infection is assessed as low for the general population in the EU/EEA, and low to medium for occupationally exposed people.
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