ArticleBMC public health2022
Gender difference in prevalence of hypertension among Indians across various age-groups: a report from multiple nationally representative samples.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Arterial spin labeling MRI in assessing cerebral blood flow changes due to hypertension: a systematic review.Journal of hypertension · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of exercise training on arterial stiffness and blood pressure among postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Comparative burden and projections of chewing tobacco-attributable lip/oral cavity and esophageal cancers: global and China-specific trends, 2000-2036.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Clustering metabolic and behavioral risk factors for hypertension: evidence from a longitudinal cohort in western Iran.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence and predictors of self-reported multimorbidity and locomotor disability among the geriatric population in coastal South Karnataka, India.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Association of Hypertension and Serum Aldosterone Levels in Male Patients with Androgenetic Alopecia: A Case-Control Study.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Article
- Explainable machine learning for hypertension prevalence classification: a cross-sectional study in Hainan Province, China.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Preventable Hospitalization and Primary Healthcare Visits Among Hypertensive Patients in Makkah City.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Understanding gender variation in the risk factors of hypertension through cross sectional analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Variations in the hypertension care cascade across districts and the factors influencing it among Indian adults: findings from the National Family Health Survey -5.Journal of human hypertension · 2025Article
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- Is gender a factor in socioeconomic disparities in undiagnosed, and untreated hypertension in Bangladesh?Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2024Article
- National and Regional Trends in the Prevalence of Hypertension in South Korea Amid the Pandemic, 2009-2022: Nationwide Study of Over 3 Million Individuals.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Knowledge, Awareness, and Determinants of Medication Adherence in Hypertensive Patients: A Hospital-Based Cross-sectional Study in North India.Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2024Article
- District-Wise Heterogeneity in Blood Pressure Measurements, Prehypertension, Raised Blood Pressure, and Their Determinants Among Indians: National Family Health Survey-5.International journal of public health · 2024Article
- Association between serum Klotho levels and estimated pulse wave velocity in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study of NHANES 2007-2016.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
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- Association Between Big Five Personality Traits and Hypertension in Saudi Patients: A Case Control Study.Psychology research and behavior management · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevalence of hypertension increases with age, but there is a general perception in India that women are less affected at every stage of life, although empiric evidence hardly exists regarding gender difference in hypertension in Indians of different ages. Therefore, we aimed to examine the gender difference in hypertension among Indians across various age-groups; and the contribution of variation in body mass index (BMI) to this difference.
methodsData were analysed after combining National Family Health Survey 4 (n = 294,584 aged 35-49 years) and Study of Ageing and Health wave 2 (n = 7118 aged 50 + years) datasets (NFHS-SAGE). Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI) dataset (n = 65,900 aged > 45years) was analysed to replicate the results. Hypertension was defined if systolic and diastolic blood pressure was > 89 and/or > 139 respectively and/or if there was a history of anti-hypertensive medication. Descriptive summaries were tabulated and plotted to examine the gender difference in hypertension in various age-groups (35-39,40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-69, ≥ 70). Odds Ratios (ORs) from logistic regression models estimated the age gradient of hypertension and their male-female difference, adjusted for Body Mass Index (BMI).
resultsMales had a higher prevalence of hypertension up to 50 years; after that, females had higher rates. The estimates of age gradient, expressed as ORs, were 1.02 (1.02, 1.02) in males versus 1.05(1.05, 1.06) in females (p < 0.001) in NFHS-SAGE and 1.01(1.01, 1.02) in males versus 1.04(1.03, 1.04)in females (p < 0.001) in LASI;these differences marginally changed after adjustment with BMI.
conclusionThis is perhaps the first study to comprehensively demonstrate that cardio-metabolic risk in Indian females surpasses males after 50 years of age, "busting the myth" that Indian females are always at much lower risk than males; and this evidence should inform the Indian healthcare system to prioritise older women for screening and treatment of hypertension.
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