ArticlePloS one2022
SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistence after five and twelve months: A cohort study from South-Eastern Norway.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of severe fatigue after SARS-CoV-2 infection in Norway: a prospective 2-year follow-up study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 S IgG Antibodies in Children Post-COVID-19 and the Association of Antibody Levels with Vaccination Status.Current microbiology · 2025Article
- Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response across Diverse Clinical Settings in Oman: Insights from a Prospective ELISA-based Study.IJID regions · 2025Article
- Two-Year Follow-Up of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Professionals.Vaccines · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity in a Norwegian cohort between 2020 and 2023.BMC medicine · 2025Observational
- A mathematical model for the within-host (re)infection dynamics of SARS-CoV-2.Mathematical biosciences · 2024Article
- Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection: a test-negative case-control study with additional population controls in Norway.BMJ open · 2024Article
- The dynamics of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in cats naturally exposed to virus reveals an increase in antibody activity after re-infection.Veterinary research communications · 2023Article
- Seroprevalence as an Indicator of Undercounting of COVID-19 Cases in a Large Well-Described Cohort.AJPM focus · 2023Article
- Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Serum Antibodies Through the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron Surges Among Vaccinated Health Care Workers at a Boston Hospital.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo assess total antibody levels against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) spike protein up to 12 months after Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) infection in non-vaccinated individuals and the possible predictors of antibody persistence.
methodsThis is the first part of a prospective multi-centre cohort study.
participantsThe study included SARS-CoV-2 real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive and negative participants in South-Eastern Norway from February to December 2020. Possible predictors of SARS-CoV-2 total antibody persistence was assessed. The SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels against spike protein were measured three to five months after PCR in 391 PCR-positive and 703 PCR-negative participants; 212 PCR-positive participants were included in follow-up measurements at 10 to 12 months. The participants completed a questionnaire including information about symptoms, comorbidities, allergies, body mass index (BMI), and hospitalisation. PRIMARY OUTCOME: The SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels against spike protein three to five and 10 to 12 months after PCR positive tests.
resultsSARS-CoV-2 total antibodies against spike protein were present in 366 (94%) non-vaccinated PCR-positive participants after three to five months, compared with nine (1%) PCR-negative participants. After 10 to 12 months, antibodies were present in 204 (96%) non-vaccinated PCR-positive participants. Of the PCR-positive participants, 369 (94%) were not hospitalised. The mean age of the PCR-positive participants was 48 years (SD 15, range 20-85) and 50% of them were male. BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 was positively associated with decreased antibody levels (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.42). Participants with higher age and self-reported initial fever with chills or sweating were less likely to have decreased antibody levels (age: OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.99; fever: OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.75).
conclusionOur results indicate that the level of SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies against spike protein persists for the vast majority of non-vaccinated PCR-positive persons at least 10 to 12 months after mild COVID-19.
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