ArticleGlia2022
Microglial angiotensin type 2 receptors mediate sex-specific expression of inflammatory cytokines independently of circulating estrogen.
Article in Glia, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexually Dimorphic Neuroimmune Pathways in Chronic Pain: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms.Biomolecules · 2026Pooled it
- Caspase-3 regulates RNA splicing and mitochondrial dynamics in microglia during Parkinson's disease.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Microglial activation and RAS signaling: a dual-edged sword in neuroinflammation.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2026Review
- The application of telmisartan in central nervous system disorders.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2025Review
- Memory deficits in hypertensive ApoE4 mice reversed by P2Y12 inhibition via different mechanisms in males and perimenopausal females.Research square · 2025Article
- Renin-angiotensin system as an emerging target to modulate adult neurogenesis in health and disease.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Review
- Renin-Angiotensin System Autoantibody Network in Parkinson's Disease Patients.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exploring neuroglial signaling: diversity of molecules implicated in microglia-to-astrocyte neuroimmune communication.Reviews in the neurosciences · 2025Review
- Serum angiotensin type-1 receptor autoantibodies and neurofilament light chain as markers of neuroaxonal damage in post-COVID patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Hormonal regulatory networks in spinal cord injury: mechanistic insights, crosstalk, and therapeutic innovations.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Genetic Loci of the Renin-Angiotensin System and IgA Nephropathy.Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers · 2024Article
- Modulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics by the Angiotensin System in Dopaminergic Neurons and Microglia.Aging and disease · 2024Article
- The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in Parkinson´s disease.Translational neurodegeneration · 2024Review
- Chronic interleukin-6 mediated neuroinflammation decreases anxiety, and impaires spatial memory in aged female mice.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There are sex differences in microglia, which can maintain sex-related gene expression and functional differences in the absence of circulating sex steroids. The angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptors mediate anti-inflammatory actions in different tissues, including brain. In mice, we performed RT-PCR analysis of microglia isolated from adult brains and RNA scope in situ hybridization from males, females, ovariectomized females, orchiectomized males and brain masculinized females. We also compared wild type and AT2 knockout mice. The expression of AT2 receptors in microglial cells showed sex differences with much higher AT2 mRNA expression in females than in males, and this was not dependent on circulating gonadal hormones, as observed using ovariectomized females, brain masculinized females and orchiectomized males. These results suggest genomic reasons, possibly related to sex chromosome complement, for sex differences in AT2 expression in microglia, as the AT2 receptor gene is located in the X chromosome. Furthermore, sex differences in expression of AT2 receptors were associated to sex differences in microglial expression of key anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. In conclusion, sex differences in microglial AT2 receptor expression appear as a major factor contributing to sex differences in the neuroinflammatory responses beyond the effects of circulating steroids.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.