ArticleActa diabetologica2022
Association of maternal diabetes during pregnancy with visual acuity development in offspring: a prospective cohort study.
Article in Acta diabetologica, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Whole-exome sequencing for the genetic diagnosis of early-onset high myopia and associated hereditary eye disorders.BMC medical genomics · 2026Article
- Maternal diabetes mellitus during pregnancy as a risk factor for strabismus and refractive errors in the offspring-A large-scale national study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Association between insufficient sleep and astigmatism in preschool children.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy and High Refractive Error in Offspring During Childhood and Adolescence.JAMA network open · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimsWe aimed to investigate the association between maternal diabetes before or during pregnancy and visual acuity development in offspring at 1 and 4 years old.
methodsThis prospective cohort study comprised 301 individuals born in 2015-2017. Those who had maternal diabetes during or before pregnancy (type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes) were investigated. Two visual examinations were routinely performed on children relatively at the age of 1 at physical examination and at the age of 4 at admission to school to assess the possible effects of gestational exposure to diabetes on the visual system of the offspring.
resultsData were collected on children aged 1 and 4, which consisted of 173 children of mothers exposed to diabetes and 128 children of mothers without diabetes). We found no significant association between maternal diabetes during pregnancy and visual acuity development in 1-year-old offspring. At 4 years old, the incidence of amblyopia and strabismus was similar in both groups. Prenatal exposure to maternal diabetes was associated with a 171% increased risk of high RE: OR 2.71 (95% CI 1.08, 6.81), p < 0.05. Astigmatism (13.3% vs 5.5%) was found to be significantly more prevalent in children born to mothers with GD than in the controls (p = 0.025 in both groups). Moreover, offspring exposed to PGDM had a higher overall risk of high RE than those exposed to GDM during pregnancy (25.0% vs 17.4%). We further found that in the offspring of diabetic mothers, the risk of high RE was significantly increased among children who were female or who spent more time using electronic devices daily.
conclusionsOur findings suggest that maternal diabetes during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of high RE in offspring. Regular ophthalmological screening should be advised to offspring of mothers with diabetes diagnosed before or during pregnancy.
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