Prospective comparative analysis of noninvasive body temperature monitoring using zero heat flux technology (SpotOn sensor) compared with esophageal temperature monitoring during pediatric surgery.

Maintaining body temperature in pediatric patients is critical, but it is often difficult to use currently accepted core temperature measurement methods. Several studies have validated the use of the SpotOn sensor for measuring core temperature in adults, but studies on pediatric patients are still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the SpotOn sensor compared with that of esophageal temperature measurement in pediatric patients intraoperatively. Children aged 1-8 years with American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Condition Classification I or II scheduled to undergo elective ear surgery for at least 30 min under general anesthesia were enrolled. Body core temperature was measured every 15 min after induction till the end of anesthesia with an esophageal probe, axillary probe, and SpotOn sensor. We included 49 patients, providing a total 466 paired measurements. Analysis of Pearson rank correlation between SpotOn and esophageal pairs showed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-0.94). Analysis of Pearson rank correlation between esophageal and axillary pairs gave a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.89 (95% CI 0.87-0.91). Between the SpotOn and esophageal groups, Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias (SD, 95% limits of agreement) of -0.07 (0.17 [-0.41-0.28]). Between the esophageal and axillary groups, Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias (SD, 95% limits of agreement) of 0.45 (0.22 [0-0.89]). In pediatric patients during surgery, the SpotOn sensor showed high correlation and agreement with the esophageal probe, which is a representative core temperature measurement method.