ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2022
Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier in Psychotic Disorders and Individually Matched Healthy Controls.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Schizophrenia: A Comparative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Individualized Medication Selection and Outcome Prediction for Patients With Dementia and BPSD Based on Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII): A Retrospective Case-Control Study.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Article
- Toward a Unified Neuroimmune Framework for Infection-Associated Psychiatric Disorders.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Danish Region Midt Schizophrenia Cohort - Representative, long-term follow-up of first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2026Article
- Decoding causal m6A: a bioinformatics roadmap for psychiatric disorders.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Review
- Linking peripheral low-grade inflammation and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier leakage in schizophrenia spectrum disorders - A retrospective analysis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Alteration pattern of serum albumin levels in schizophrenia from first episode through remission to relapse: a longitudinal study.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Association Between Peptide Antigen-Related Antibody Levels and the Short- and Long-Term Efficacy of Antipsychotic Treatment in Drug-Naïve First-Episode Schizophrenia Patients.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Markers of neuroinflammation in the CSF of patients with difficult to treat psychiatric disease.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Blood‑brain barrier dysfunction in schizophrenia: Mechanisms and implications (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Clinical, thyroid metabolic, and inflammatory features in pediatric patients with post-acute COVID-19 neuropsychiatric symptoms.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Advanced lung cancer inflammation index is associated with mortality in critically ill patients with non-traumatic cerebral hemorrhage.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Schizophrenia: Insights, Mechanisms, and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Multiple serum anti-glutamate receptor antibody levels in clozapine-treated/naïve patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Systemic inflammatory biomarkers in Schizophrenia are changed by ECT administration and related to the treatment efficacy.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Evidence of Neurovascular Water Exchange and Endothelial Vascular Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Immune System and Brain/Intestinal Barrier Functions in Psychiatric Diseases: Is Sphingosine-1-Phosphate at the Helm?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and hypothesisNeuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction have been observed in patients with psychotic disorders. However, previous studies have mainly focused on selected patients and broad screenings of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with recent onset psychosis compared to healthy controls are lacking. STUDY
designWe included 104 patients with recent onset psychotic disorder and 104 individually matched healthy controls. CSF and blood were analyzed for readily available markers assessing neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction. Primary outcomes were CSF white blood cell count (WBC), total protein, IgG Index, and CSF/serum albumin ratio. Secondary outcomes included additional markers of inflammation and BBB, and analyses of association with clinical variables. STUDY
resultsCSF/serum albumin ratio (Relative Mean Difference (MD): 1.11; 95%CI: 1.00-1.23; P = .044) and CSF/serum IgG ratio (MD: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.01-1.36; P = .036) was increased in patients compared to controls. A higher number of patients than controls had CSF WBC >3 cells/µl (seven vs. one, OR: 7.73, 95%CI: 1.33-146.49, P = .020), while WBC>5 cells/µl was found in two patients (1.9%) and no controls. Inpatients had higher serum WBC and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (all p-values for effect heterogeneity < .011). Mean CSF WBC (MD: 1.10; 95%CI: 0.97-1.26), protein (MD: 1.06; 95%CI: 0.98-1.15) and IgG index (MD: 1.05; 95%CI: 0.96-1.15) were not significantly elevated.
conclusionsWhen comparing a broad group of patients with psychotic disorders with healthy controls, patients had increased BBB permeability, more patients had high CSF WBC levels, and inpatients had increased peripheral inflammation, consistent with the hypothesis of a subgroup of patients with increased activation of the immune system.
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