ArticleTherapeutics and clinical risk management2022
Evaluation of Risk Factors for Distant and Lymph Node Metastasis of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.
Article in Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Clinicopathological and molecular determinants of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: toward precision risk stratification.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Endoscopic ultrasonography-based intratumoral and peritumoral machine learning ultrasomics model for predicting the pathological grading of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.BMC medical imaging · 2025Article
- Predicting liver metastasis in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with an interpretable machine learning algorithm: a SEER-based study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Contemporary Approaches to the Surgical Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.Cancers · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Purpose: Metastases of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) can be found at the time of diagnosis in 20-50% of cases. Small asymptomatic tumors may be left for observation; however, they can metastasize. The aim of the study was to evaluate risk factors for distant and lymph node metastases of pNETs. Patients and methods: One hundred and fourteen patients with postoperatively confirmed pNET were analyzed retrospectively in a single ENETS Center of Excellence. The relationship between location, size, differentiation of the tumor, and occurrence of lymph node and distant metastases was analyzed. Results: pNETs' location was pancreatic head - 38 (33.3%), body or tail - 68 (59.7%), and 8 (7.0%) involved the entire organ. Fifty-six (49.1%) tumors were graded G1, 50 (43.9%) G2, and 8 (7.0%) G3. Seventy-two (63.2%) tumors were ≥2 cm in diameter, and 42 (36.8%) <2 cm. Twenty-two (19.3%) patients had distant metastases and 47 (41.2%) had lymph node metastases. In ≥2 cm tumors distant and lymph node metastases were more frequent (p < 0.05). Distant metastases incidence was significantly higher in distally located tumors (p = 0.01) and in G2 and G3 tumors (p < 0.01). In 9.5% of <2cm tumors, distant metastases were present at diagnosis. Conclusion: Distant metastases are more often found in larger, distally located pNETs grade G2 and G3, while a higher occurrence of lymph node metastases seems to be associated only with larger tumor size. A considerable number of tumors <2 cm in size have distant metastases already at the diagnosis, which might indicate the need for careful qualification of smaller lesions for observation.
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