ReviewFrontiers in neurology2022
Advances in Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Review.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune dysregulation and epileptogenesis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Protein Profiling Identifies Biomarkers for Predicting Disease Severity in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Changes in Structural and Functional Brain Imaging and Their Association with Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Hashimoto Encephalopathy with Anti-NAE Antibody.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Cross-sectional Study.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Article
- The B7-H3 paradox in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: from paraneoplastic encephalitis to AI-guided precision ADCs.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Neuroimmune mechanisms of the cerebellum-brainstem network in autoimmune encephalitis and related neuroimmune disorders: antibody targets, selective vulnerability, and translational opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Long-Term Clinical and Biological Prognostic Factors of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis in Children.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Observational
- A Minimally-Invasive Method for Serial Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection and Injection in Rodents with High Survival Rates.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Biomarkers in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- CHI3L1 in the CSF is a potential biomarker for anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a severe inflammatory disease of the brain. Patients with AE demonstrate amnesia, seizures, and psychosis. Recent studies have identified numerous associated autoantibodies (e.g., against NMDA receptors (NMDARs), LGI1, etc.) involved in the pathogenesis of AE, and the levels of diagnosis and treatment are thus improved dramatically. However, there are drawbacks of clinical diagnosis and treatment based solely on antibody levels, and thus the application of additional biomarkers is urgently needed. Considering the important role of immune mechanisms in AE development, we summarize the relevant research progress in identifying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers with a focus on cytokines/chemokines, demyelination, and nerve damage.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.