ArticleJournal of psychosomatic research2022
Association between polarity of first episode and solar insolation in bipolar I disorder.
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Article in Journal of psychosomatic research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Essential Information About Chronobiology and Chronotherapy for the Optimal Care of People With Bipolar Disorders: An Expert Consensus.Bipolar disorders · 2026Article
- Bright Light Therapy in Psychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Clinical Procedures and Evidence.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Seasonal mood variation in youth and young adults with bipolar spectrum disorder: A longitudinal prospective analysis.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- From rhythm to resilience: The interplay of circadian rhythm, melatonin, lifestyle, nutrition in psychoneuroimmunology (PNI).BioMedicine · 2025Article
- Are season of birth, climate, and parental age predictors of adult temperament, character, anhedonia, suicidality, and self-harm?Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Mortality in patients with major depressive disorder: A nationwide population-based cohort study with 11-year follow-up.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2024Article
- Seasonality in mood disorders: Probing association of accelerometer-derived physical activity with daylength and solar insolation.PLOS mental health · 2024Article
- Effect of Personalized Blue-Enriched White Light Intervention on Rest-Activity and Light Exposure Rhythms in Mild and Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.Psychiatry investigation · 2023Article
- Exploratory study of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and age of onset of bipolar disorder.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2023Article
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159 authors.
Michael BauerDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: michael.bauer@ukdd.de.
Tasha GlennChronoRecord Association, Fullerton, CA, USA.
Eric D AchtyesMichigan State University College of Human Medicine, Division of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
Martin AldaDepartment of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
Esen AgaogluDepartment of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
Kürşat AltınbaşDepartment of Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Mazhar Osman Mood Center, Konya, Turkey.
Ole A AndreassenNORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Elias AngelopoulosDepartment of Psychiatry, National and Capodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Raffaella ArdauSection of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.
Memduha AydinDepartment of Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
Yavuz AyhanDepartment of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
Christopher BaethgeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany.
Rita BauerDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Bernhard T BauneDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Ceylan BalabanDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Claudia Becerra-PalarsNational Institute of Psychiatry '"Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico.
Aniruddh P BehereDepartment of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
Prakash B BehereDepartment of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University), Wardha, India.
Habte BeleteDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
Tilahun BeleteDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
Gabriel Okawa BelizarioBipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Frank BellivierDépartement de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France.
Robert H BelmakerProfessor Emeritus of Psychiatry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
Francesco BenedettiUniversity Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Michael BerkDeakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Yuly BersudskyDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
Şule BicakciDepartment of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
Harriet Birabwa-OketchoButabika Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
Thomas D BjellaNORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Conan BradyDepartment of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
Jorge CabreraMood Disorders Clinic, Dr. Jose Horwitz Psychiatric Institute, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Marco CappucciatiDepartment of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Piacenza, Italy.
Angela Marianne Paredes CastroDeakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
Wei-Ling ChenDepartment of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
Eric Y W CheungPrivate practice, Central, Hong Kong.
Silvia ChiesaDepartment of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Piacenza, Italy.
Marie CroweDepartment of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Alessandro CuomoDepartment of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy.
Sara DallaspeziaPsychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Maria Del ZompoSection of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.
Pratikkumar DesaiPine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
Seetal DoddDeakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Bruno EtainDépartement de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France.
Andrea FagioliniDepartment of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy.
Frederike T FellendorfDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
Ewa Ferensztajn-RochowiakDepartment of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
Jess G FiedorowiczDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Kostas N Fountoulakis3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Mark A FryeDepartment of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Pierre A GeoffroyDépartement de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hopital Bichat - Claude Bernard, F-75018 Paris, France; GHU Paris - Psychiatry & Neurosciences, 1 rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France; Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, FHU I2-D2, F-75019 Paris, France.
Ana Gonzalez-PintoBIOARABA. Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alava, University of the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain.
John F GottliebDepartment of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Paul GrofMood Disorders Center of Ottawa and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada.
Bartholomeus C M HaarmanDepartment of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Hirohiko HarimaDepartment of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
Mathias Hasse-SousaDepartment of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Chantal HenryDepartment of Psychiatry, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, F-75014, Paris France, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France.
Lone HøffdingDepartment of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
Josselin HouenouUniversité Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, APHP, Mondor Univ Hospitals, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010 Créteil, France; Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Neurospin, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
Massimiliano ImbesiDepartment of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Piacenza, Italy.
Erkki T IsometsäDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Maja IvkovicUniversity Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Psychiatry, Belgrade, Serbia.
Sven JannoDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Simon JohnsenUnit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
Flávio KapczinskiDepartment of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Gregory N Karakatsoulis3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Mathias KardellDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Lars Vedel KessingCopenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Seong Jae KimDepartment of Psychiatry, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Barbara KönigBIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
Timur L KotKhanty-Mansiysk Clinical Psychoneurological Hospital, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia.
Michael KovalDepartment of Neuroscience, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Mauricio KunzDepartment of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Beny LaferBipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Mikael LandénDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Erik R LarsenMental Health Department Odense, University Clinic and Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.
Melanie LengerDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
Ute LewitzkaDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Rasmus W LichtPsychiatry - Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
Carlos Lopez-JaramilloMood Disorders Program, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Research Group in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
Alan MacKenzieForensic Psychiatry, University of Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK.
Helle Østergaard MadsenCopenhagen University Hospitals, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Simone Alberte Kongstad A MadsenUnit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
Jayant MahadevanDepartment of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
Agustine MahardikaDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia.
Mirko ManchiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
Wendy MarshDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
Monica Martinez-CengotitabengoaOsakidetza, Basque Health Service, BioAraba Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Spain; The Psychology Clinic of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
Klaus MartinyCopenhagen University Hospitals, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Yuki MashimaDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Declan M McLoughlinDept of Psychiatry & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
Ybe MeestersDepartment of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Ingrid MelleNORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Fátima Meza-UrzúaDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, SHG Klinikum, Idar-Oberstein, Germany.
Yee Ming MokDepartment of Mood and Anxiety disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore City, Singapore.
Scott MonteithMichigan State University College of Human Medicine, Traverse City Campus, Traverse City, MI, USA.
Muthukumaran MoorthyDepartment of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
Gunnar MorkenDepartment of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs' University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
Enrica MoscaSection of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.
Anton A MozzhegorovSoviet Psychoneurological Hospital, Urai, Russia.
Rodrigo MunozDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Starlin V MythriMakunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Bazaricherra, Assam 788727, India.
Fethi NacefRazi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
Ravi K NadellaDepartment of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
Takako NakanotaniAffective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
René Ernst NielsenPsychiatry - Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
Claire O'DonovanDepartment of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
Adel OmraniTunisian Bipolar Forum, Érable Médical Cabinet 324, Lac 2, Tunis, Tunisia.
Yamima OsherDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
Uta OualiRazi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
Maja Pantovic-StefanovicUniversity Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Psychiatry, Belgrade, Serbia.
Pornjira PariwatcharakulDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Joanne PetiteDepartment of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
Andrea PfennigDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Yolanda Pica RuizHospital "Ángeles del Pedregal", Mexico City, Mexico.
Marco PinnaSection of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Lucio Bini Mood Disorder Center, Cagliari, Italy.
Maurizio PompiliDepartment of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Richard PorterDepartment of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Danilo QuirozDeparment of Psychiatry, Diego Portales University, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Francisco Diego Rabelo-da-PonteUniversity of Central Lancashire, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom.
Raj RamesarSA MRC Genomic and Precision Medicine Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
Natalie RasgonDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Woraphat Ratta-AphaDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Michaela RatzenhoferDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
Maria RedahanDepartment of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
M S ReddyAsha Bipolar Clinic, Asha Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Andreas ReifDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Eva Z ReininghausDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
Jenny Gringer RichardsDepartments of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, and Internal Medicine, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Philipp RitterDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Janusz K RybakowskiDepartment of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
Leela SathyaputriDepartments of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, and Internal Medicine, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Ângela M ScippaDepartment of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
Christian SimhandlBipolar Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Sigmund Freud Privat Universität, Vienna, Austria.
Daniel SmithCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
José SmithAREA, Assistance and Research in Affective Disorders, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Paul W StackhouseScience Directorate/Climate Science Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA.
Dan J SteinDepartment of Psychiatry, MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Kellen StilwellPine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
Sergio StrejilevichAREA, Assistance and Research in Affective Disorders, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Kuan-Pin SuCollege of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung, Taiwan; An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Mythily SubramaniamResearch Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
Ahmad Hatim SulaimanDepartment of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Kirsi SuominenDepartment of Social Services and Health Care, Psychiatry, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Andi J TanraDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
Yoshitaka TatebayashiAffective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
Wen Lin TehResearch Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
Leonardo TondoMcLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Mood Disorder Lucio Bini Centers, Cagliari e Roma, Italy.
Carla TorrentClinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Daniel TuinstraPine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
Takahito UchidaDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Arne E VaalerDepartment of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs' University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
Eduard VietaClinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Biju ViswanathDepartment of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
Maria Yoldi-NegreteSubdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Mexico City, Mexico.
Oguz Kaan YalcinkayaDepartment of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
Allan H YoungDepartment of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Yosra ZguebRazi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
Peter C WhybrowDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Funding
DBT-Wellcome Trust India Alliance IA/CPHI/20/1/505266
Abstract
objectiveCircadian rhythm disruption is commonly observed in bipolar disorder (BD). Daylight is the most powerful signal to entrain the human circadian clock system. This exploratory study investigated if solar insolation at the onset location was associated with the polarity of the first episode of BD I. Solar insolation is the amount of electromagnetic energy from the Sun striking a surface area of the Earth.
methodsData from 7488 patients with BD I were collected at 75 sites in 42 countries. The first episode occurred at 591 onset locations in 67 countries at a wide range of latitudes in both hemispheres. Solar insolation values were obtained for every onset location, and the ratio of the minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation was calculated. This ratio is largest near the equator (with little change in solar insolation over the year), and smallest near the poles (where winter insolation is very small compared to summer insolation). This ratio also applies to tropical locations which may have a cloudy wet and clear dry season, rather than winter and summer.
resultsThe larger the change in solar insolation throughout the year (smaller the ratio between the minimum monthly and maximum monthly values), the greater the likelihood the first episode polarity was depression. Other associated variables were being female and increasing percentage of gross domestic product spent on country health expenditures. (All coefficients: P ≤ 0.001).
conclusionIncreased awareness and research into circadian dysfunction throughout the course of BD is warranted.
Indexed as
Bipolar DisorderCircadian RhythmFemaleHumansMaleSeasonsSunlightBipolar disorderCircadian rhythmDepressionPolaritySolar insolationSunlight
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