SynthesisMolecular psychiatry2023
Association between ADHD and vision problems. A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Molecular psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and vision problems. A systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis on the ocular characteristics in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Convergent genetic pathways linking neuropsychiatric and ocular disorders in children.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and keratoconus.Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie · 2026Article
- Study of strabismus in young Singaporean males.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Visual function and autism spectrum disorder.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Ocular structural parameters in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a case-control study of drug-naïve and methylphenidate-treated patients.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Association between eye disorders and the development of ADHD/ADD: a nationwide retrospective cohort study.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Ophthalmologists: Opportunities and Challenges.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- Distributed cortical network dynamics of binocular convergent eye movements in humans.Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Development and psychometric validation of a novel, self-report visual processing questionnaire (ViPro-SR) for neurodivergent adults.Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in ADHD.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Methylphenidate Inhibits the Development of Myopia by Altering Dopamine and Norepinephrine Reuptake.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Retinal Thinning in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Structural Changes Detected by Spectral-Domain OCT.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Reconfiguration of Functional Brain Network Organization and Dynamics With Changing Cognitive Demands in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2025Article
- Association of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder With Myopia Among School Children.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Unraveling ADHD: genes, co-occurring traits, and developmental dynamics.Life science alliance · 2025Article
- Retinal fundus imaging as biomarker for ADHD using machine learning for screening and visual attention stratification.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Association of ADHD and LD with vision abnormalities among the children and adolescents in US, NHANES 1999-2004.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Convergence insufficiency prevalence in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder children depends on the diagnosis criteria.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis assessing whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with disorders of the eye, and/or altered measures of visual function.
methodBased on a pre-registered protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42021256352), we searched PubMed, Web of Knowledge/Science, Ovid Medline, Embase and APA PsycINFO up to 16th November 2021, with no language/type of document restrictions. We included observational studies reporting at least one measure of vision in people of any age meeting DSM/ICD criteria for ADHD and in people without ADHD; or the prevalence of ADHD in people with and without vision disorders. Study quality was assessed with the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS). Random effects meta-analyses were used for data synthesis.
resultsWe included 42 studies in the narrative synthesis and 35 studies in the meta-analyses (3,250,905 participants). We found meta-analytic evidence of increased risk of astigmatism (OR = 1.79 [CI: 1.50, 2.14]), hyperopia and hypermetropia (OR = 1.79 [CI: 1.66, 1.94]), strabismus (OR = 1.93 [CI: 1.75, 2.12]), unspecified vision problems (OR = 1.94 [CI: 1.38, 2.73]) and reduced near point of convergence (OR = 5.02 [CI: 1.78, 14.11]); increased lag (Hedge's g = 0.63 [CI: 0.30, 0.96]) and variability (Hedge's g = 0.40 [CI: 0.17, 0.64]) of the accommodative response; and increased self-reported vision problems (Hedge's g = 0.63 [CI: 0.44, 0.82]) in people with ADHD compared to those without ADHD (with no significant heterogeneity). We also found meta-analytic evidence of no differences between people with and without ADHD on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (Hedge's g = -0.19 [CI: -0.41, 0.02]) and refractive error (Hedge's g = 0.08 [CI: -0.26, 0.42]) (with no significant heterogeneity). DISCUSSION: ADHD is associated with some self-reported and objectively ascertained functional vision problems, but not with structural alterations of the eye. Further studies should clarify the causal relationship, if any, between ADHD and problems of vision.
trial registrationPROSPERO registration: CRD42021256352.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.