ArticleInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2022
Epidemiological assessment of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.
Article in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors Contributing to Reinfection by SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody persistence using LFIC: a prevalence study after booster doses.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Clinical and immunological insights into SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: a propensity score-matched cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among blood donors from two Brazilian states in the post-vaccination period: a prospective cohort study.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2025Article
- Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection during multiple Omicron variant waves in the UK general population.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The serological IgG and neutralizing antibody of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant reinfection in Jiangsu Province, China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Investigation of epidemiological and clinical characteristics of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the second pandemic of COVID-19 in Chengdu, China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Cases in a Household-Based Prospective Cohort in Rio de Janeiro.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection 3 Years after the Start of the Pandemic: A Population-Level Observational Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Trends in Antibody Titers after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination-Insights from Self-Paid Tests at a General Internal Medicine Clinic.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Reinfections from SARS-CoV-2: A Retrospective Study from the Gyncentrum Genetic Laboratory in Sosnowiec, Poland, April 2020 to July 2022.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2023Article
- Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination-Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- COVID-19 reinfections in Mexico City: implications for public health.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants in Thrice-Infected Health Workers: A Case Series from an Italian University Hospital.Viruses · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesSARS-CoV-2 vaccination has been shown to reduce infection severity; however, the reinfection frequency among unvaccinated, partially vaccinated, and fully vaccinated individuals remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the rates of and factors associated with such occurrences.
methodsThis retrospective epidemiological report included 1362 COVID-19 reinfection cases in Bahrain between April 2020 and July 2021. We analyzed differences in disease severity and reinfection characteristics among various vaccination statuses: fully vaccinated, interrupted vaccination, one-dose vaccination, postreinfection vaccination, and unvaccinated.
resultsReinfection cases increased from zero per month in April-June 2020 to a sharp peak of 579 in May 2021. A significantly larger proportion of reinfected individuals were male (60.3%, P <0.0001). Reinfection episodes were highest among those 30-39 years of age (29.7%). The fewest reinfection episodes occurred at 3-6 months after the first infection (20.6%) and most occurred ≥9 months after the initial infection (46.4%). Most individuals were asymptomatic during both episodes (35.7%). Reinfection disease severity was mild, with vaccinated patients less likely to have symptomatic reinfection (odds ratio 0.71, P = 0.004). Only 6.6% of reinfected patients required hospitalization. One death was recorded; the patient belonged to the unvaccinated group.
conclusionVaccine-induced immunity and previous infection with or without vaccination were effective in reducing reinfection disease severity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.