Trial reportFrontiers in endocrinology2022
Late-afternoon endurance exercise is more effective than morning endurance exercise at improving 24-h glucose and blood lipid levels.
Trial report in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of Morning and Afternoon Exercise on Body Composition and Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2026Pooled it
- Time-Dependent Effects of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- One minute of light-intensity stair-stepping decreases postprandial glycaemia in the evening in non-diabetic adults: A randomized controlled trial.Experimental physiology · 2026Trial
- Glycaemic Response to Acute Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Performed in the Morning or Afternoon in Healthy Subjects: A Crossover Trial.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024Trial
- Use of Continuous Glucose Monitors in Exercise Research Studies-A Scoping Review on Study Characteristics and Common Practices.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The effect of timing of physical exercise on glycemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention studies.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Physical activity and meal timing alignment with chronotype and their associations with glucose metabolism: The Maastricht Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Reallocating morning physical activity to later-day activity and its association with type 2 diabetes incidence: The Maastricht Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Diurnal timing of physical activity in relation to obesity and diabetes in the German National Cohort (NAKO).International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Observational
- Comparative effectiveness of morning and evening aerobic exercise on weight loss and physical fitness in Chinese college students with overweight and obesity.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Longitudinal timing of physical activity and associated cardiometabolic and behavioral health outcomes in young adults.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2025Article
- Circadian Rhythm and Muscle Function.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Morning physical activity may be more beneficial for blood lipids than afternoon physical activity in older adults: a cross-sectional study.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Article
- Diurnal timing of physical activity and risk of colorectal cancer in the UK Biobank.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- N-of-1 health optimization: Digital monitoring of biomarker dynamics to gamify adherence to metabolic switching.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Timing of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity, Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Microvascular Disease in Adults With Obesity.Diabetes care · 2024Article
- Association between circadian physical activity trajectories and incident type 2 diabetes in the UK Biobank.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Sensor-Based Assessment of Time-of-Day-Dependent Physiological Responses and Physical Performances during a Walking Football Match in Higher-Weight Men.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Nrf2 modulates the benefits of evening exercise in type 2 diabetes.Sports medicine and health science · 2023Review
- Chrono-exercise: Time-of-day-dependent physiological responses to exercise.Sports medicine and health science · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Glucose and lipid tolerance reportedly exhibit diurnal variations, being lower in the evening than in the morning. Therefore, the effects of exercise on glucose and blood lipid levels at different times of the day may differ. This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term endurance exercise intervention in the morning versus late afternoon on 24-h blood glucose variability and blood lipid levels. Methods: Twelve healthy young men participated in a randomized crossover trial. The participants were assigned to morning (09:00-11:00) or late afternoon (16:00-18:00) endurance exercise for a week, consisting of supervised exercise sessions on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. In the morning and evening trials, the participants walked for 60 min on a treadmill at approximately 60% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO Results: Examination of the area under the curve (AUC) of the glucose level changes for 24 h after the late afternoon versus morning exercise intervention revealed significantly lower values for the former versus the latter ( Conclusions: These results suggest that late afternoon endurance exercise is more effective than morning endurance exercise at improving 24-h glucose and triglyceride levels.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.