ReviewReproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E2022
Impact of in vitro fertilization state mandates for third party insurance coverage in the United States: a review and critical assessment.
Review in Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Toward global reproductive justice: a universal framework for evaluating equity and autonomy in in-vitro fertilization policies.Reproductive health · 2025Pooled it
- Feasibility analysis of China's medical insurance coverage of assisted reproductive technology.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Heat exposure during susceptible windows of spermatogenesis and sperm epigenetic age.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2026Trial
- Feasibility and effectiveness of a health educational intervention to improve navigation of health insurance benefits for in vitro fertilization: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2026Trial
- In Vitro Fertilization is Essential Healthcare for Patients With Rheumatic Disease.ACR open rheumatology · 2026Review
- Efficacy and safety of different cetrorelix doses in the luteal phase for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: A cross-sectional study.International journal of reproductive biomedicine · 2026Article
- Impact of state insurance mandates on in vitro fertilization utilization among patients with recurrent pregnancy loss.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2026Article
- Institutional barriers to assisted reproductive technology access in rural South Africa: a qualitative study of medical officers' perspectives.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The fertility cascade: infertility prevalence, access to treatment, and successful live birth.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Out-of-pocket expenditure experienced by couples seeking In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) services at tertiary care facilities in India.PloS one · 2026Observational
- Potential increase of the U.S. total fertility rate resulting from restorative treatment of unresolved subfertility: a simulation study.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Article
- How far is the clinic? Urbanicity and sociodemographic variation in the distance to assisted reproductive technology clinics in the USA.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Article
- Impact of sickle cell anaemia on reproductive health: a narrative review.Reproductive health · 2025Review
- The Association Between Infertility Treatment and Birth Outcomes for Nulliparous Persons Who Gave Birth 35 Years and Older: Findings from 2022 National Vital Statistics System Natality Data.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Article
- Navigating health insurance selection for in vitro fertilization (IVF) benefits: A study protocol.Contemporary clinical trials · 2025Article
- Willingness to pay for in vitro fertilization: results from a national sample of reproductive-aged adults in the US.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Article
- Medical crowdfunding for cancer patients seeking fertility treatments: a cross-sectional analysis.F&S reports · 2025Article
- To dose or to let artificial intelligence dose: that is the question!F&S reports · 2025Article
- Comparing vasectomy techniques, recovery and complications: tips and tricks.International journal of impotence research · 2025Review
- Racial/ethnic disparity in severe maternal morbidity among women who conceived by in vitro fertilization.AJOG global reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine estimates that fewer than a quarter of infertile couples have sufficient access to infertility care. Insurers in the United States (US) have long considered infertility to be a socially constructed condition, and thus in-vitro fertilization (IVF) an elective intervention. As a result, IVF is cost prohibitive for many patients in the US. State infertility insurance mandates are a crucial mechanism for expanding access to fertility care in the US in the absence of federal legislation. The first state insurance mandate for third party coverage of infertility services was passed by West Virginia in 1977, and Maryland passed the country's first IVF mandate in 1985. To date, twenty states have passed legislation requiring insurers to cover or offer coverage for the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Ten states currently have "comprehensive" IVF mandates, meaning they require third party coverage for IVF with minimal restrictions to patient eligibility, exemptions, and lifetime limits. Several studies analyzing the impact of infertility and IVF mandates have been published in the past 20 years. In this review, we characterize and contextualize the existing evidence of the impact of state insurance mandates on access to infertility treatment, IVF practice patterns, and reproductive outcomes. Furthermore, we summarize the arguments in favor of insurance coverage for infertility care and assess the limitations of state insurance mandates as a strategy for increasing access to infertility treatment. State mandates play a key role in the promotion of evidence-based practices and represent an essential and impactful strategy for the advancement of gender equality and reproductive rights.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.