ArticleBMC public health2022
Homicide rates are spatially associated with built environment and socio-economic factors: a study in the neighbourhoods of Toronto, Canada.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Forecasting the future of American mass shootings with Bayesian agent-based model calibration.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Subnational inequalities and spatially varying associations of elevated blood glucose among women in India: a national district-level biomarkers analysis.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Characterization of Homicides in Mexico: Analysis of 2015-2022.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- The COVID-19 Mortality Rate Is Associated with Illiteracy, Age, and Air Pollution in Urban Neighborhoods: A Spatiotemporal Cross-Sectional Analysis.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesHomicide rate is associated with a large variety of factors and therefore unevenly distributed over time and space. This study aims to explore homicide patterns and their spatial associations with different socioeconomic and built-environment conditions in 140 neighbourhoods of the city of Toronto, Canada.
methodsA homicide dataset covering the years 2012 to 2021 and neighbourhood-based indicators were analysed using spatial techniques such as Kernel Density Estimation, Global/Local Moran's I and Kulldorff's SatScan spatio-temporal methodology. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) and multi-scale GWR (MGWR) were used to analyse the spatially varying correlations between the homicide rate and independent variables. The latter was particularly suitable for manifested spatial variations between explanatory variables and the homicide rate and it also identified spatial non-stationarities in this connection.
resultsThe adjusted R
conclusionThe findings of this study showed that homicide rates were clustered over time and space in certain areas of the city. Socioeconomic and the built environment characteristics of some neighbourhoods were found to be associated with high homicide rates but these factors were different for each neighbourhood.
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