ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2023
The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07635459 (A Single-Centre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Exploratory Clinical Study of a Thermosensitive Gel Nasal Spray Containing Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes, Azelastine and Recombinant Human Interferon α-2b for the Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis), which is not on this map. Cited by 739 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Single-Centre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Exploratory Clinical Study of a Thermosensitive Gel Nasal Spray Containing Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes, Azelastine and Recombinant Human Interferon α-2b for the Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis (Acute Phase)
Who cites it
739 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Exosome Biogenesis: Meta-Analysis of Intraluminal Vesicle Size Across Species.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Serum extracellular vesicle RNA profiles in long COVID: insights from exercise-induced gene modulation.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Effect of Glucoraphanin on the Abundance of Nrf2 Regulated Genes Within Circulating Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Pilot Dietary Intervention.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Trial
- An adhesive hydrogel enabling spatiotemporal delivery of umbilical cord exosomes for scarless skin regeneration through immunomodulation and ECM remodeling.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Unraveling the Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Proteome: Predictors of Resistance in Immunotherapy of Advanced Melanoma.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Dental pulp cell-derived conditioned culture media promotes periodontal repair through immunomodulation and bone regeneration.Regenerative therapy · 2026Article
- The mechano-immune-vesicle regulatory circuit: a systems framework for bone homeostasis and regeneration.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Functional heterogeneity of exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Review
- Towards a systematic understanding of the diverse subtypes, biogenesis and functions of large extracellular vesicles.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2026Review
- Assessing Extracellular Vesicle Proteins as Predictive Biomarkers for Developing Type 1 Diabetes.Proteomics · 2026Article
- Engineered microvesicle-mediated multimodal therapy resolves ulcerative colitis via synergistic immunoregulation, barrier restoration, and microbiota remodeling.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Enrichment and Proteomic Profiling of Stromal-Associated Extracellular Vesicle Subpopulations From Arthritic Synovial Fluid by Size-Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to CD90-Directed Immunocapture.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Sex differences in urinary extracellular vesicles originating from the genitourinary system in health and disease.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2026Review
- Molecular and Proteomic Profiling of Human Cerebral Organoid‑Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles.Developmental neurobiology · 2026Article
- Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Shaping Immune Responses in the Lymph Node Microenvironment.Biology of the cell · 2026Review
- Shear Stress-Stimulated Trafficking of Endothelial Piezo1 to Splenic Capsule Boosts Spleen Contraction and Exercise Endurance.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- An integrated multiomic single-vesicle atlas delineates graft exosome heterogeneity in chronic lung allograft dysfunction.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles for next-gen therapeutics and drug delivery.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Skeletal muscle‑derived extracellular vesicles in multi‑organ degenerative disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic delivery perspectives (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- cGAS-mediated type I IFN signaling contributes to disease progression in drug-refractory epilepsy.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
679 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The twenty-first century has witnessed major developments in the field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research, including significant steps towards defining standard criteria for the separation and detection of EVs. The recent recognition that EVs have the potential to function as biomarkers or as therapeutic tools has attracted even greater attention to their study. With this progress in mind, an updated comprehensive overview of the roles of EVs in the immune system is timely. This Review summarizes the roles of EVs in basic processes of innate and adaptive immunity, including inflammation, antigen presentation, and the development and activation of B cells and T cells. It also highlights key progress related to deciphering the roles of EVs in antimicrobial defence and in allergic, autoimmune and antitumour immune responses. It ends with a focus on the relevance of EVs to immunotherapy and vaccination, drawing attention to ongoing or recently completed clinical trials that aim to harness the therapeutic potential of EVs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.