ArticleScientific reports2022
Gender dysphoria in twins: a register-based population study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic and Environmental Contributions To Gender Diversity: A Systematic Review of the Twin Literature.Behavior genetics · 2025Pooled it
- Implicit and explicit gender identification in autistic and nonautistic gender clinic-referred youth, and their caregivers.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Gender diversity and the twin relationship: "If I'm feeling this way, shouldn't my twin be feeling this way too?"International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Gender Identity Profiles in Autistic and Non-Autistic Cisgender and Gender Diverse Youth, and Their Caregivers.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Association between repeat number polymorphisms of sex hormone-related genes and gender phenotype variations in university students.Sexual medicine · 2025Article
- Using twin data to examine heritable and intrauterine hormonal influences on transgender and gender diverse identities.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The genetics and hormonal basis of human gender identity.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Review
- Exploring gender dysphoria and related outcomes in a prospective cohort study: protocol for the Swedish Gender Dysphoria Study (SKDS).BMJ open · 2023Article
- Concordance for Gender Dysphoria in Genetic Female Monozygotic (Identical) Triplets.Archives of sexual behavior · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental influences have been proposed to contribute to the variance of gender identity and development of gender dysphoria (GD), but the magnitude of the effect of each component remains unclear. We aimed to examine the prevalence of GD among twins and non-twin siblings of individuals with GD, using data derived from a large register-based population in Sweden over the period 2001-2016. Register data was collected from the Statistics Sweden and the National Board of Health and Welfare. The outcome of interest was defined as at least four diagnoses of GD or at least one diagnosis followed by gender-affirming treatment. A total of 2592 full siblings to GD cases were registered, of which 67 were twins; age at first GD diagnosis for the probands ranged from 11.2 to 64.2 years. No same-sex twins that both presented with GD were identified during the study period. The proportion of different-sex twins both presenting with GD (37%) was higher than that in same-sex twins (0%, Fisher's exact test p-value < 0.001) and in non-twin sibling pairs (0.16%). The present findings suggest that familial factors, mainly confined to shared environmental influences during the intrauterine period, seem to contribute to the development of GD.
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