ArticlePsychological medicine2023
Virtual reality cue exposure therapy for tobacco relapse prevention: a comparative study with standard intervention.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy of conventional and technology assisted cue exposure therapy for treating substance use disorders: a qualitative systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Pharmacological Interventions for Electronic Cigarette Cessation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses.Journal of addiction medicinePooled it
- Virtual Reality in Prevention and Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Clinical psychology & psychotherapyPooled it
- Virtual reality cue exposure as an add-on to smoking cessation group therapy: a randomized controlled trial.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2025Trial
- Isradipine augmentation of virtual reality cue exposure therapy for tobacco craving: a triple-blind randomized controlled trial.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Measuring cue-elicited responding in the context of gaming and online shopping: Validity and reliability of a short Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer paradigm.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Isradipine enhancement of virtual reality cue exposure therapy is effective for individuals with higher baseline cue-induced craving.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- Is tobacco dependence a moderator of psychiatric symptom severity and caregiver abuse in rural families of patients with severe mental disorders?Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- A superior colliculus-originating circuit prevents cocaine reinstatement via VR-based eye movement desensitization treatment.National science review · 2025Article
- Craving on the move: targeting smoking memories with a novel 3MDR-smoking cessation protocol.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Cue-reactivity targeted smoking cessation intervention in individuals with tobacco use disorder: a scoping review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Exploring the potential of the metaverse medical paradigm in drug addiction treatment: a preliminary discussion and future prospects.General psychiatry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSuccessful interventions have been developed for smoking cessation although the success of smoking relapse prevention protocols has been limited. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in particular has been hampered by a high relapse rate. Because relapse can be due to conditions associated with tobacco consumption (such as drinking in bars with friends), virtual reality cue exposure therapy (VRCE) can be a potential tool to generate 3D interactive environments that simulate risk situations for relapse prevention procedures.
methodsTo assess the effectiveness of VRCE with CBT, a comparative trial involving 100 smoking abstinent participants was designed with all required virtual environments (VE) created with an inexpensive graphic engine/game level editor.
resultsOutcome measures confirmed the immersive and craving eliciting effect of these VEs. Results demonstrated that more participants in the VRCE group did not experience smoking relapse and that VRCE is at least as efficacious as traditional CBT in terms of craving reduction and decrease in nicotine dependence. Dropout and relapse rate in the VRCE group was noticeably lower than the CBT group. Aside from mood scores, no significant differences were found regarding the other scales.
conclusion
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.