ArticleThe Lancet regional health. Europe2022
Hormonal contraception and risk of breast cancer and breast cancer in situ among Swedish women 15-34 years of age: A nationwide register-based study.
Article in The Lancet regional health. Europe, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Contraceptive use with breast cancer incidence in Indonesia.Breast disease · 2024Pooled it
- Combined and progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk: A UK nested case-control study and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Elucidating the molecular mechanisms linking bisphenol A to breast cancer: an integrated study of bioinformatics, machine learning, and molecular docking.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Evaluation and Treatment Options for Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Premenopausal Patients With a History of Breast Cancer.O&G open · 2026Review
- Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review.International journal of breast cancer · 2026Review
- A detailed review of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of progestogens in oral contraception.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- LNG-IUD and breast cancer: Number 2 - 2026.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2026Article
- Epidemiology, early detection, and management of breast cancer in China: A comprehensive review.Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu · 2025Article
- Hormonal Contraceptive Formulations and Breast Cancer Risk in Adolescents and Premenopausal Women.JAMA oncology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the gut microbiome and sex hormones in postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed hormone receptor-positive breast cancer versus healthy women: a prospective case-control study.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2025Article
- Article
- Estrogens and breast cancer.Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology · 2025Review
- Personality traits of women with hereditary risk for breast/ovarian cancer versus obstetric history and cancer preventive behaviors.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex Hormone Treatment for Female Children and Young Adults with Disorders Affecting Hypothalamic, Pituitary, and Ovarian Function.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2025Review
- Disparities in Breast Cancer Care-How Factors Related to Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment Drive Inequity.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Re-Evaluating the Association Between Hormonal Contraception and Breast Cancer Risk.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2023Review
- Editorial: Sex steroid hormones: effects on breast cancer risk and etiology.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Hormonal and laboratory predictors of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic ischemic events: a SHAP-enhanced logistic regression approach.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Evidence on a possible association between newer hormonal contraceptives (HC) and risk of breast cancer remains inconclusive, especially as concerns progestogen-only methods. Methods: In this nationwide prospective cohort study, all Swedish women aged 15-34 at study start on January 1 Findings: This cohort included 1.5 million women providing more than 14 million person-years. During the study period, 3842 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Compared with never users of any HC, we found no increased risk of developing breast cancer among current users of any combined HC, IRR 1.03 (0.91-1.16), whereas current users of progestogen-only methods had an increased risk of developing breast cancer, IRR 1.32 (1.20-1.45). Across all types of HC, the risk of developing breast cancer appeared to be highest the first five years of use (combined HC IRR 1.39 (1.14-1.69); progestogen-only methods IRR 1.74 (1.44-2.10). The risk disappeared ten years after the women stopped using HC. The absolute risk of breast cancer per 100,000 women-years was 22.4 for never users, 10.9 for current users of combined HC, and 29.8 for current users of progestogen-only methods. Interpretation: Current use of progestogen-only methods is associated with a small increased risk of developing breast cancer, whereas we could only detect an increased risk among users of combined HC during the first five years of use. This may partly be explained by a selective prescription of progestogen-only methods to women with risk factors for breast cancer, like smoking or obesity. As the absolute risk of breast cancer was small, the many health benefits associated with HC must also be taken into account in contraceptive counselling. Funding: This study was funded by the Swedish Cancer Society and by the Uppsala County Council, the Faculty of Medicine at Uppsala University.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.