SynthesisInternational immunopharmacology2022
Interstitial lung disease independently associated with higher risk for COVID-19 severity and mortality: A meta-analysis of adjusted effect estimates.
Synthesis in International immunopharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interstitial Lung Disease in the United States: CDC Mortality Trends (1999-2024).Advances in respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Identifying direct risk factors in UK Biobank via simultaneous Bayesian-frequentist model-averaged hypothesis testing using Doublethink.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Long-term prognosis following cytomegalovirus respiratory infection in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients: a retrospective single-centre study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Trends of mortality from chronic respiratory diseases by sex and ethnicity in the USA: a secular analysis from 1979 to 2021 using data from death certificates.BMJ open respiratory research · 2024Article
- Artificial intelligence-based analysis of the spatial distribution of abnormal computed tomography patterns in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: association with disease severity.Respiratory research · 2024Article
- Significant association between asthma and a lower risk of mortality among COVID-19 patients in Spain: A meta-analysis.Qatar medical journal · 2024Review
- Mortality in patients with interstitial lung diseases hospitalized by severe or critical COVID-19.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to address the association between interstitial lung disease and the risk for severity and mortality among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
methodsThe electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE were systematically searched. The pooled effect size with 95 % confidence interval (CI) was computed by a random-effects meta-analysis model. Heterogeneity test, sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, meta-regression analysis, Begg's test and Egger's test were performed.
resultsA total of sixteen eligible studies with 217,260 COVID-19 patients were enrolled in this meta-analysis. The findings based on adjusted effect estimates indicated that pre-existing interstitial lung disease was significantly associated with higher risk for COVID-19 severity (pooled effect = 1.34 [95 % CI: 1.16-1.55]) and mortality (pooled effect = 1.26 [95 % CI: 1.09-1.46]). Consistent results were observed in the subgroup analysis stratified by sample size, age, the percentage of male patients, study design, setting, the methods for adjustment and the factors for adjustment. The results of meta-regression demonstrated that sample size, age and region might be the potential sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis exhibited that our results were stable and robust. No publication bias was observed in Egger's test and Begg's test.
conclusionThis meta-analysis on the basis of adjusted effect estimates demonstrated that pre-existing interstitial lung disease was independently associated with significantly higher risk for COVID-19 severity and mortality.
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