Trial reportPloS one2022
Accuracy of a low-cost, portable, refractive error estimation device: Results of a diagnostic accuracy trial.
Trial report in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Deep learning-empowered low-cost portable automated refraction system: A solution to the inadequate effective correction rate of refractive errors in resource-limited areas.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Trial
- Myopia Prescription Based on Smartphone App: A Feasibility Study in Africa.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of a tele-refraction model to address the lack of human resources in Kenya.PloS one · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Portable, Low-Cost Autorefractor in School Students with Limited Eye Care Access in Northeastern Brazil.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Refractive shifts in astronauts during spaceflight: mechanisms, countermeasures, and future directions for in-flight measurements.Eye (London, England) · 2024Article
- Assessing the reliability of tele-refraction for real time consultation with a remote optometrist.PloS one · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo assess the accuracy of refraction measurements by ClickCheckTM compared with the standard practice of subjective refraction at a tertiary level eye hospital.
designDiagnostic accuracy trial.
methodsAll participants, recruited consecutively, underwent auto-refraction (AR) and subjective refraction (SR) followed by refraction measurement using ClickCheckTM (CR) by a trained research assistant. Eyeglass prescriptions generated using ClickCheckTM and the resulting visual acuity (VA) was compared to SR for accuracy. Inter-rater reliability and agreement were determined using Intra-class correlation and Bland Altman analysis respectively.
resultsThe 1,079 participants enrolled had a mean (SD) age of 39.02 (17.94) years and 56% were women. Overall, 45.3% of the participants had refractive error greater than ±0.5D. The mean (SD) spherical corrections were -0.66D (1.85) and -0.89D (2.20) in SR and CR respectively. There was high level of agreement between the spherical power measured using SR and CR (ICC: 0.940 (95% CI: 0.933 to 0.947). For the assessment of cylindrical correction, there was moderate level of agreement between SR and CR (ICC: 0.493 (0.100 to 0.715). There was moderate level of agreement between the VA measurements performed by using corrections from SR and CR (ICC: 0.577 (95% CI: 0.521-0.628). The subgroup analysis based on the age categories also showed high level of agreement for spherical corrections between the two approaches (ICC: 0.900). Bland Altman analysis showed good agreement for spherical corrections between SR and CR (Mean difference: 0.224D; 95% LoA: -1.647 D to 2.096 D) without evidence of measurement bias.
conclusionsThere was a high level of agreement for spherical power measurement between CR and SR. However, improvements are needed in order to accurately assess the cylindrical power. Being a portable, low-cost and easy-to-use refraction device, ClickCheckTM can be used for first level assessment of refractive errors, thereby enhancing the efficiency of refractive services, especially in low- and-middle-income countries.
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